Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
GREENLAND
U.S.
(Alaska)
6
0
°
CANADA
40
°
40
°
UNITED STATES
ATLANTIC
BERMUDA
OCEAN
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
Tropic of Cancer
CUBA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
20
°
20
°
20
°
JAMAICA
U.S.
(Hawaii)
BELIZE
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
HAITI
PUERTO
RICO
PACIFIC
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
OCEAN
VENEZUELA
SURINAME
FRENCH GUIANA
COLOMBIA
GUYANA
Equator
0
°
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
COUNTRIES WITH TOTAL
FERTILITY RATE BELOW
REPLACEMENT LEVEL
20
°
20
°
20
°
Tropic of Capricorn
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
CHILE
TFR fell below replacement
level before 1989
TFR fell below replacement
level in or after 1989
TFR above replacement
level
ARGENTINA
40
°
40
°
40
°
40
°
160
°
140
°
120
°
80
°
60
°
40
°
60
°
60
°
60
°
60
°
SOUTHERN
OCEAN
0
1000
2000
3000 Kilometers
0
1000
2000 Miles
Figure 2.8
Year That Total Fertility Rate Among Women Fell Below Replacement Levels.
Data
from
: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2011.
incentives like long maternity leaves and state-paid day-
care to prospective mothers, and even the Japanese
found themselves in a national debate over family size
and immigration. Still, such programs and debates have
so far had limited success in encouraging sustained pop-
ulation growth.
How can the worldwide population continue to
increase when so many countries are experiencing low
TFRs and population decline? Despite declining popu-
lation growth rates and even negative growth rates
(growth rates below 0.0) in a number of the world's
countries, the global population continues to rise. The
worldwide TFR was 2.6 in 2007, above the replacement
level of 2.1. Although the population bomb Ehrlich
warned of is no longer ticking at the same rapid pace, the
worldwide population continues to grow. The low TFRs
