Toward Understanding the Intelligent Properties of Biological Macromolecules—Implications for Their Design Into Biosensors - Smart Biosensor Technology - page 3

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Toward Understanding the Intelligent Properties
of Biological Macromolecules—Implications for
Their Design Into Biosensors

Kenneth A. Marx

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction to Smart Biosensors ......................................................................................4

1.1.1 Components of Biosensors ....................................................................................5

1.1.1.1 Biological Elements ..................................................................................5

1.1.1.2 Immobilization Methods ........................................................................5

1.1.1.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms and Biosensor Output ................7

1.1.2 Intelligent Properties of Biological Macromolecules and Systems ..................7

1.2 Creating Biosensors That Detect Small and Large Molecules Using

Different Signal Transduction Mechanisms ......................................................................8
1.2.1

Optical-Based Biosensors ........................................................................................8
1.2.1.1 Chromophore-Containing Proteins in Biosensor Applications ........8

1.2.1.1.1 The Phycobiliproteins ..........................................................8

1.2.1.1.2 Bacteriorhodopsin ................................................................15

1.2.1.2 Chemiluminescent Probe-Based Enzyme Biosensors ......................18

1.2.1.2.1

Organophosphorus Pesticide Detection ..........................19

1.2.1.2.2 Detecting Zn 2 , Be 2 , and Bi 3 Ions Competitively ........21

1.2.2 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors ......................................................................21

1.2.2.1 DNA Interaction With Electropolymerized Conducting

Polymers—Immobilization by Electrostatic Interactions ................23

1.2.2.2 Enzyme Electrode Biosensor—Enzyme Entrapment During

Electropolymerization of Thin Phenolic Films for Hydrogen
Peroxide Biosensing ..............................................................................25

1.2.2.3 Electropolymerization of Comonomer Mixtures of Biomimetic

Tyrosine and Tyrosine-Containing Peptides Forms Thin Films
Possessing Specific Cell Attachment/Localization Properties ......29

1.2.3 Piezoelectric-Based Biosensors ............................................................................29

1.2.3.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensor Detects Enzymatic

Polymerization ......................................................................................31

1.2.3.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Cell Biosensor for Cell

Characterization and Drug Discovery Applications ........................34
1.2.3.2.1

Measuring the Fundamental Process of Cell
Attachment During Biosensor Formation ........................34

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