Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
1.2.3.2.2 Cell Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensor
Detection of Cytoskeleton Binding Drugs ......................38
1.2.3.3 Cell Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensor—Removing Cells
Yields Intact Extracellular Matrix: A Natural Intelligent
Biomaterial With Potential for Creating a Smart Bandage ..............42
1.2.3.3.1 Isolating and Studying the Extracellular Matrix—A
Natural Intelligent Biomaterial ..........................................42
1.2.3.3.2 Releasing Wound-Healing Factors by Potential
Stimulation of the Acellular Extracellular Matrix—
The Smart Bandage Concept ..............................................43
1.3 Simulating the Properties of DNA—Potential for Predicting Intelligent
Properties and Evaluating Their Role in Biosensors ....................................................44
1.3.1 Intelligent Properties of DNA ..............................................................................44
1.3.2 Redundancy of Single Base Repeating Tracts—The Simplest Repeating
Sequences ................................................................................................................48
1.3.3 DNA Tertiary Structure
Self-Assembly
—Counterion Condensation
Drives Intramolecular DNA Collapse and Helps Determine
Electrophoretic Mobilities ....................................................................................50
1.3.4 Computational Simulation of DNA Melting—Reversing the
Self-Assembly
Process of the Double Helix ........................................................53
1.3.5 Proteins Interacting With DNA act as
Switches of DNA Effector or
Actuator Function
—Understanding Stability and Functional Outcomes
of the Complexes by Examining the DNA Sequence Physical Properties ....57
1.4 The Importance of Informatics and Data Mining Approaches in Understanding
Biological Macromolecules and in Biosensor Design and Operation ........................61
1.4.1 Machine Learning Approaches ............................................................................61
1.4.2 Application of Machine Learning to the Analysis of
High-Dimensionality Data From Microarray Biosensors ................................62
1.4.3 Applying Supervised Machine Learning to the NCI Compounds'
Effects on Cancer Cells ..........................................................................................65
1.5 Future Prospects for Biosensors ......................................................................................66
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................71
References ......................................................................................................................................72
1.1
Introduction to Smart Biosensors
The focus for this review chapter on smart biosensor technology centers around the broad
scope of research projects carried out in the Center for Intelligent Biomaterials at the
University of Massachusetts Lowell. After a brief section introducing smart biosensors, we
proceed to describe biosensor systems that have been created and studied in our Center.
They include optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric-based systems designed to detect
specific analyte molecules in solution. These biosensor systems are discussed only within
the broad context of biosensor research, since our intent in this chapter is not to write a
comprehensive review of all different areas of solution-based biosensor research. Looking
to the future, we then devote the latter part of this review to our more recent use of
specific computational approaches to understand the properties of biological elements. In
this discussion, we have particularly focused on DNA and DNA-protein complexes. In the
