Health Effects of Aerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 589

London/1999/children
5-14 years [284]

Trafic at centroid of post code of
residence (GIS)

Emergency hospital visits
for asthma and
respiratory illness

No association between residence
within 150 m of main road or
trafic volume and respiratory
admission

Case-control (nonrespiratory, noninjury
acute admission

Simple Euclidean distance to main road
distance to main road with modeled peak/
hour of >1000 vehicles computed
(vehicle-meters/hour) on road within
radius of 150 m

All studies based on hospital admission have
potential bias related to criteria for
admission

Harvard Six Cities/2000/
all ages [121]

Factor analysis of 15 daily ambient PM
metal concentrations; selenium-coal
marker; lead-mobile source marker

Mortality, 1979-1988 “Mobile source” associated with

3.4% increased mortality; “coal”
1.1%; no increase with crustal
factor

Time series analysis with exposure
expressed as mobile source, crustal, coal
factors

Nottingham, United
Kingdom/2000/primary
and secondary schools
[285] d

One km 2 grid around each school; trafic
activity index (TAI—vehicle meters/day/
km 2 )

Current wheezing by
questionnaire

No association in ecological or
cross-sectional analyses

Ecological, cross-section, and longitudinal
data

Weak association (5% increased
odds) for persistence of wheeze
7-8 years later

Results inconclusive

Amsterdam/2001/all
ages [287]

Residence near road with >10 4 vehicles/
day

Mortality 1987-1998 Black smoke >NO 2 associated with

increased risk (BS 25% increase;
NO 2 5%) for residences with
>10 4 vehicles/day

Daily time series, black smoke, CO, and NO
highest at “trafic-inluenced” ixed
monitors Day NO 2 , NO, black smoke, O 3 , CO, SO 2

Netherlands/2002/adults
55-69 years [197]

Long-term average exposure to ambient
pollutants based on regional background
and pollutants from local sources (nearby
streets)

Mortality 1986-1994 Black smoke and NO 2 associated

with all-cause and
cardiopulmonary mortality

Cohort study started in 1986; imbedded case
cohort (with no loss to follow-up in
sub-cohort)

Distance of homes from streets (50, 100 m)
with estimated exposure to black smoke
and NO 2

Larger effect seen with indicator of
distance lived from major road

Detailed exposure assessment with source
apportionment
Individual covariate data (smoking, diet,
etc.)
Analyses raise point that measurement error
in exposure assignment offsets beneits of
speciicity of exposure assignment; simple
distance marker more eficient e

( continued )