Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 23.8 (continued)
Findings from Selected Studies on the Relationship between Exposure to Trafic Sources of PM Aerosol and Health Outcomes
Location of Study/Year 
Subjects (References)
Marker for Exposure to Trafic Source
Health Outcomes
Results
Comments
Netherlands/2002/birth
cohort [289]
Pollutant concentrations at residences
modeled based on GIS trafic data and 40
local monitoring sites, black smoke, NO 2 ,
PM 2.5
Respiratory symptoms by
questionnaires at age 2
Weak associations with all
measures of local ambient PM
aerosol
Birth cohort study of asthma and mite
allergy
California/2003/births
[290]
1994-1996 trafic counts to calculate
distance-weight trafic density (DWTD)
based on dispersion of motor vehicle
exhaust from roadways
Birth weight; preterm
delivery
Association of preterm births with
quintile of DWTD (8% increase
in odds from lowest to highest)
Control for multiple factors that affect birth
outcomes
Largest effect seen for exposure
during the third trimester (39%
increase); no effect for spring/
summer third trimester exposure
Third trimester effect most consistent with
effects on somatic growth rather than
organogenesis
Fall/winter increased risk matches “PM
season” for California
Same results for zip code with
highest CO, NO 2 , and PM 10
Major limitation is lack of data on maternal
smoking during pregnancy and other
indoor sources; adjustment for previous
low-birth-weight delivery could have
biased results
a Second-hand (passive) smoke exposure.
b Results reported for respiratory symptoms from this study in Ref. [123]. Truck density and black smoke associated with respiratory symptoms.
c California's Medicaid program.
d A later study of the same population by the same authors [286] showed association of increased wheezing and living 150 m from the roadway for children aged 4-16 years. Most of the
increase was observed for children who lived within 90 m of a roadway.
e Study in Erie County, NY [288], showed association with hospitalization for asthma in children and living within 200 m of a state highway.
 
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