Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 5.2
Hygroscopic Growth of Various Environmental and Pharmacological Aerosols
Conditions
Diameter
Increase (%)
T
(°C)
RH (%)
Substance
Source
Mainstream cigarette smoke
0.44 μm
100
65
Kousaka et al.
145
∼0.3 μm
99.5
∼60
Li and Hopke
146
∼0.2 μm
99.5
∼45
Li and Hopke
146
—
100
∼70
Hicks et al.
147
NaCl
0.1 μm
20
90
129
Gysel et al.
148
0.3-0.5 μm
25
75
∼90
Tang et al.
149
0.3-0.5 μm
25
85
∼110
Tang et al.
149
0.3-0.5 μm
25
98
∼280
Tang et al.
149
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
0.05 μm
20
90
66
Gysel et al.
148
20
90
68
Gysel et al.
148
0.1 μm
NaNO
3
0.05 μm
20
90
86
Gysel et al.
148
20
90
91
Gysel et al.
148
0.1 μm
NH
4
HSO
4
98
Tang and Munkelwitz
150
∼220
Cromolyn sodium
98
31
Smith et al.
151
Metaproterenol sulfate
98
29
Hiller et al.
152
Isoproterenol sulfate
98
13
Hiller et al.
152
Beclomethasone dipropionate
98
33
Hiller et al.
153
Isoproterenol/phenynlephedrine
90
24
Kim et al.
152
Epinephrine
90
11
Kim et al.
152
Metaproterenol
90
10
Kim et al.
152
Albuterol
90
8
Kim et al.
152
Isoetharine/phenylephedrine
90
10
Kim et al.
152
Triamcinolone
90
17
Kim et al.
152
Aerodur
98
37
Seemann et al.
155
Bricanyl
98
144
Seemann et al.
155
Cromolind
98
48
Seemann et al.
155
Intal powder
97.4
30
Seemann et al.
155
Intal composite
97.4
30
Seemann et al.
155
Atropine sulfate
99.5
160
Peng et al.
156
Isoproterenol hydrochloride
99.5
186
Peng et al.
156
Isoproterenol hemisulfate
99.5
142
Peng et al.
156
Disodium cromoglycate
99.5
26
Peng et al.
156
in the human lung.
165,171-175
In contrast, cholinergic antagonists, aspirin, and anesthetics have all
been shown to markedly decrease mucociliary clearance.
165,170,176,177
Inhaled chemical contaminants such as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, ozone, and tobacco smoke
affect mucociliary clearance. At low concentrations (<100 μg/m
3
), sulfuric acid increases mucocili-
ary clearance while at high levels, it seems to impair clearance by paralyzing the cilia.
178,179
Sulfur
dioxide, ozone, and acute cigarette smoke exposures all have been shown to increase clearance in
humans, whereas chronic cigarette smoking decreases mucociliary clearance.
165,180-184
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