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Replacement of human settlement from vulnerable areas.
Afforestation of the hill slope with local shrubs to absorb the moisture content
from the sub-surface soil.
The Concentration of human settlement in and around landslide prone area
should not be permitted by the local Government and a strict rule is to be
regulated.
The plying of heavy loaded vehicles through the landslide prone area should not
be allowed.
The local community is to be brought under the landslide mitigation programme
and they are to be educated on landslide risk management.
8.4 Conclusion
The success of landslide hazard and risk mitigation measures depends on the
continual iterative processes of information input and managerial response. There
are many aspects of landslide management that are still poorly understood. It is
clear from the intensive
'
s perception that the com-
munities have to be taken collective responsibility by enacting legislation to guide
the landslide hazard management process. Continuous advancement in science and
technology in landslide mitigation measures can be ef
field investigation and people
cient tools to reduce the
consequences of landslide phenomena for the unstable Shivkhola Watershed.
The Shivkhola watershed exhibits a wide range of elevation between 300 and
2,040 m with varying steepness of slope. The development and extension of the
drainage network over steep mountain slope makes the topography rugged in
nature. The interaction between slope, relief and drainage network associated with
weak lithological composition such as structural discontinuities have made the
places of Lower Paglajhora, Shiviter, Gayabari, and Tindharia most susceptible to
slope failure. It is seen that most of the slided and subsidence zones are linked with
more stream junction/confluence of the drainage lines, structural discontinuities and
lineaments. The spatial distribution of landslide locations in different lithological
unit of individual sub-watershed depicts that sub-watershed-I is lithologically
unstable followed by watershed II and V. Spatial distribution of amplitude of relief
reveals that sub-watershed-I, IV, II and III are dominated by landslide as there is a
positive relation between relief and the landslide frequencies.
The drainage concentration along the weakness planes could be checked or
reduced by reducing the upslope contributing area with the establishment of hori-
zontal as well as vertical concrete drains just above and within the sinking zone and
slide scar. The identi
cation of structural discontinuities/weakness planes and their
cementation can reduce the seepage and pore-water pressure in the soil and promote
slope stability to some extent. The sub-watershed-I, II, III and western part of VI are
dominated by large number of
lineaments/discontinuities/weaknesses planes.
Basically,
the rocks of Darjiling gneiss, Daling formation, Lingtse granite,
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