Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5.4
Toxicity to Different Cell Lines
In vitro
experimentsarecomparativelyfast,simpleandeasytouseinanalyzingthe
effects of ENPs on individual cell lines. The results of several studies were reported
ondifferentcelllinesthatenhancedtheunderstandingofENPtoxiceffects(Fig.
4
)
Table
7
.
Colvin (
2002
) and Sayes et al. (
2004
) suggested that fullerene NPs can cause
cytotoxicity due to their lipophilic nature. However, modifying the fullerene surface
either with aliphatic or hydroxyl group reduced cytotoxicity to human dermal fibro-
blasts(HDF)andhumanlivercarcinoma(HepG2)cells.Thus,surfacecharacteris-
tics can change the cytotoxic effect of NPs.
Yang et al. (
2009
) studied the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress
inducedbycarbonblack(CB),SWNTs,SiO
2
and ZnO NPs on mouse embryo fibro-
blasts.TheseNPsdifferintheirparticlesize,shapeandchemicalnatureandalsoin
concentration. ZnO NPs were found to be more cytotoxic than SiO
2
and carbon
nanotubes(Table
7
). Shape-dependent genotoxicity was also observed. In a similar
study,Mahmoudietal.(
2010
) reported gas vesicle formation in mouse fibroblasts
when the cells were exposed to coated and non-coated super paramagnetic iron
oxideNPs(Mahmoudietal.
2010
)(Table
7
).
Reactive
oxygen species
Inflammation
Cell death
In
vitro
study
Mitochondrial
impairment
DNA damage
Loss of
membrane
integrity
Lipid
peroxidation
Complement
system
activation
Fig. 4
Toxic effects noted and endpoints studied for ENPs in various cell types
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