Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 164

Table 7 Summary of in vivo study effects from intratracheal administration of metal extracts of
ambient PM a,b

Dose
(mass of
extract) Source of PM Animal Signifi cant responses

Costa and Dreher ( 1997 )
Ambient Air:

Rats—
Sprague
Dawley

2.5 mg
Extract
(46

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF)
responses similar for all PM normalized
to total metals

1. St. Louis

2. Washington, DC g

total metal)

ʼ

3. Ottawa

4. Dusseldorf

Dye et al. ( 2001 )
Utah Valley Rats—

Sprague
Dawley

2.5 mg 1986 and 1988 Extracts : Signifi cant

increase BALF parameters, acute
pathology compared to controls
1987 Extract : No difference from controls

1986 (Mill Open)

1987 (Mill Closed) 0.25 mg

or
1.0 mg

1986 Extract : Signifi cant increase in
BALF parameters compared to controls

1988 (Mill Open) 5.0 mg 1987 Extract : Signifi cant increase in

BALF parameters compared to controls

Gavett et al. ( 2003 )
Zerbst (non-industrial)

Balb/c Mice 100 g

Extract

ʼ PM 2.5 Extract from Hettstedt Signifi cantly

increased BALF parameters in non-
allergic and allergic mice as compared to
saline controls

Hettstedt (industrial) Allergic

Non-Allergic

Gerlofs-Nijland et al. ( 2009 )
Duisburg (industrial) Rats—

Hypertensive

7 mg Signifi cant increase in BALF parameters

associated with exposure to Amsterdam
Extract (highest metals);
Also signifi cant association with PAHs

Amsterdam
Barcelona

Happo et al. ( 2008 )
Course PM 2.5-10

C57BL/
6J mice

10 mg/
kg/bw

No signifi cant association with metals

Fine PM 0.2-1
Duisburg (industrial)
Amsterdam
Barcelona
Athens
Helsinki
Prague
Utah Valley 1982

Rats—
Sprague
Dawley

1,000 ʼ g Signifi cant increase in proteins and LDH

in rats dosed with both chelated and
un - chelated extract

1. Extract

2. Chelated Extract

3. Chelated
Extract + Metals

Schins et al. ( 2004b )
Course PM 2.5-10

Rats—
Wistar

0.32 mg
Extract

Coarse PM from both locations
signifi cant increase in BALF parameters;
endotoxin also associated with response

Fine PM 1-2.5
Borken (rural)
Duisburg (industrial)
a PM extract administered by intratracheal instillation in all studies
b Response Parameters in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fl uid): infl ammatory markers-total protein,
cells, soluble factors (cytokines)