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Indicators of cardiovascular effects such as changes in heart rate, body temperature,
and frequency/intensity of arrhythmias were also measured in a smaller number
of the studies.
The
in vivo
studies are grouped by the predominate source of the PM metals used
for exposure: ambient PM samples, CAPs, ROFA and individual metals. Within a
given study, multiple sources of PM metals may have been used for comparisons,
thus these groupings are not mutually exclusive. Tables
6
and
7
present the concen-
trations of individual metals in the sources of PM or ROFA, respectively, in
g/g of
particulate mass. Where suffi cient information was available, we made a rough com-
parison of the dose levels used in the animal studies to the dose of the same metals
that a member of the general U.S. population would receive from inhaling the aver-
ʼ
Table 6
Target metal concentrations r
eported in ambient PM sources for
in vivo
studies
Concen
tration of metal in source PM (
ʼ
g/g)
As
Sources
Cu
Fe
Mn
Ni
V
Zn
Adamson et al. (
2000
), Prieditis and
Adamson (
2002
)
Ottawa, Canada EHC-93
a
-
144
149
-
5
-
4,784
Costa and Dreher (
1997
)
St Louis, Missouri (NIST
No. 1648)
-
111
35.6
-
38.5
33
2,599
Dusseldorf, Germany
420
48.3
117.6
55.8
2,516
Ottawa, Canada
147.6
145.6
81
1.9
6,059
Washington DC
46.2
308.8
20
152
1,356
ROFA (power plant in
Florida)
b
230
23,310
37,510
41,710
1,010
DOFA
c
2,070
154,510
-
120
-
9,000
CFA
d
30
14,570
700
370
80
Dye et al. (
2001
) Exp. #1
Utah Valley 1986
9.4
55.2
26.4
4.3
4.3
0.72
74.0
Utah Valley 1987
7.6
22.0
3.03
3.8
1.2
0.76
6.8
Utah Valley 1988
11.7
140.0
54.0
8.9
4.7
0.47
13.1
Molinelli et al. (
2002
)
Provo Utah 1982
-
294.5
88.2
9.73
16.7
10.9
597
Gavett et al. (
2003
)
-
Hettstedt, Germany
a
57
1,181
355
127
62
172
6,546
Zerbst, Germany
a
21
179
561
133
128
345
3,907
Schins et al. (
2004b
)
Borken, Germany PM
2.5
-
125.5
1,440
-
59.0
7.04
-
Borken PM
10
93.1
192.1
198.6
4.65
Duisburg, Germany PM
2.5
126.6
2,390
87.2
10.56
Duisburg PM
10
91.8
83.5
46.3
6.48
a
Aqueous extract
b
Residual Oil Fly Ash
c
Domestic Oil Fly Ash
d
Coal Fly Ash
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