Modeling and Design of Net ZEBs as Integrated Energy Systems - Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings - page 49

2.2.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics as an Enabling
Technology for Net ZEBs
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic modules that are
architecturally and functionally integrated into the building envelope, 6)
replacing conventional and/or premium building materials, such as roof
shingles, wall cladding, windows, and overhangs (Montoro,
Vanbuggenhout, and Ciesielska, 2011). Unlike rack-mounted PV systems,
BIPV is a multifunctional technology. Thus, in addition to generating
electricity, BIPV can also act as a weather and noise barrier, may be used to
generate useful heat (BIPV/thermal - BIPV/T), and possibly allow daylight
transmission (semitransparent PV - STPV), ultimately capable of
“converting” up to about 80% of the incident solar radiation into useful
energy (electricity, heat, and transmitted daylight) ( Figure 2.10 ) . BIPV is
expected to be the main technology for generating on-site electricity in
net-zero energy buildings since it can be utilized to cover large roof and
façade surfaces. For this to be done effectively, the orientation and shape of
the main equatorial-facing surfaces must be optimized.
Fig. 2.10 Example schematics for (a) BIPV, (b) STPV, (c) BIPV/T
air-based, and (d) BIPV/T water-based systems (not to scale)
BIPV does not need extra land for its installation, avoiding the use of
valuable land and green space. On a community scale, BIPV provides