Climate Change in the Arctic - The Changing Arctic Environment: The Arctic Messenger - page 315

14 This is also known as postglacial isostatic adjustment .
15 IPCC, 2013. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Stocker et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physic-
al Science Basis , p. 11. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
16 IPCC, 2013. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Stocker et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physic-
al Science Basis , p. 25. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
17 A description of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is given in Ap-
pendix III , together with a caution on how these two terms or indices are used.
18 IPCC, 2013. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Stocker et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physic-
al Science Basis , p. 27. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
19 The movement of surface waters to depth in the Arctic and Antarctic is called meridional overturning
and is an example of thermohaline circulation. Without meridional overturning, the ocean's capacity to ef-
ficiently transport CO 2 and heat from surface waters to the deep would be dramatically reduced. The
North Atlantic Arctic region and some parts of the Antarctic contain virtually the only areas where sur-
face waters are sufficiently cold and subjected to such large-scale salt rejection from the creation of sea
ice to result in the creation of huge quantities of heavy (high density) cold and saline water. The deep wa-
ter formed in the Arctic and Antarctic flows towards the equator. The Atlantic deep water penetrates far
into the Southern Hemisphere.
20 IPCC, 2013. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Stocker et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physic-
al Science Basis , p. 24. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.