Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Viennese, Pannonian and South Caspian where the fields, in view of most
scientists, formed no earlier than in Miocene-Quaternary.
In California (Great Valley, Los Angeles, Ventura-Santa Barbara and
other depressions), commercial oil and gas occurrences are usually associ-
ated with:
t
Salt lakes (Buena Vista, Salt lake, Tulare, Borax, Track, Lake
Bristol, Solton Sea, Trona, Deep Springs and others).
t
Intense onland and offshore oil, gas and water shows in the
Coastal Ranges, the flanks of the San Joaquin Valley (Midway,
Mac Kitrick, Coalinga, Kettleman and other fields), areas of
the Pacific shelf (Santa Barbara Strait).
t
Thermal sources (Ventura-Santa Barbara, Los Angeles,
Bodega, Sonoma-Orinda-Livermore depressions).
t
Asphalt accumulations in the Salt Lake and other areas.
t
Mud volcano manifestations in Nieland and Surprise Valley.
t
Hydrochemical, hydrodynamic and thermobaric anomalies -
all basins (Bakirov, 1970; Barbat, 1961; Ver Wiebe, 1959;
Kening, 1975).
It is noteworthy that most of the lakes are located in the highest faulted
areas and zones of large regional faults. Predominantly alkaline lake waters,
lake locations and their areal associations with the fields reflect the region-
ally dominant formation water type and salinity. They may be interpreted
as caused by prevailing depth-associated mechanism of water feed in the
process of surface discharge of the underground fluidal system.
In the Orinoco Basin, oil and gas occurrences are consistently associated
with profuse surface oil, gas and thermal ground water shows. Bitumen
accumulations (renowned Orinoco bitumen belt with 96 BT of bitumen
reserves), Guanaco, Peach Lake and Bermudez asphalt lakes, diapirism and
mud volcanism (Trinidad Isl., Central Anzoátegui Province (Venezuela),
etc.; and faulted areas (Rentz
et al
., 1961; Young, 1959; Miller
et al
., 1961)
also accompany them.
Irrawaddy-Andaman Basin has oil and gas accumulation zones associ-
ated with:
t
Mud volcanism areas in Minbu Trough (Yenangyang, Kinbu,
Yenangyat and other fields).
t
Intense surface hydrocarbons and thermal ground water
shows (Indou, Seib, Chauk, Laniva, Minbu, Palanion fields).
