Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Methods for Identification of Cardiovascular Biomarkers
Application of Proteomics for Biomarkers
of Cardiovascular Disease
Proteomics has opened new avenues in the search for clinically useful biomarkers
of cardiovascular disease. As the number of proteins that can be detected in plasma
or serum (the primary clinical diagnostic samples) increases toward 1,000, a para-
doxical decline has occurred in the number of new protein markers approved for
diagnostic use in clinical laboratories. MicroParticle Proteomics is developing
technology for detection of protein microparticle biomarkers of cardiovascular
diseases. Considering the limitations of current proteomics protein discovery plat-
forms, an alternative approach is proposed that is applicable to a range of biologi-
cal/physiological problems, in which quantitative mass spectrometric methods
developed for analytical chemistry are employed to measure limited sets of candi-
date markers in large sets of clinical samples. A set of 177 candidate biomarker
proteins with reported associations to cardiovascular disease have been presented
as a starting point for such a “directed proteomics” approach (Anderson
2005
).
Insilicos LLC is using pattern recognition with MS to PreCluedevelop cardio-
vascular disease biomarker panel as a clinical diagnostic for either screening or
treatment-planning purposes. The future holds great promise for the availability of
a panel of cardiac serum biomarkers able to delineate different stages of each heart
disease, thus allowing the design of clinical interventions potentially using stage-
specific therapeutics. All of this is feasible only with detailed information about the
unique and selective protein modifications that occur during the development of
heart disease. The combination of proteomic biomarkers with clinical phenotypes
and genetic haplotype information can lead to a more precise diagnosis and therapy
on an individual basis - personalized medicine (Arab et al.
2006
).
Detection of Biomarkers of Myocardial Infarction
in Saliva by a Nanobiochip
The feasibility and utility of saliva as an alternative diagnostic fluid for identifying
biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been investigated. A lab-on-
a-chip method was used to assay 21 proteins in serum and unstimulated whole
saliva procured from AMI patients within 48 h of chest pain onset and from appar-
ently healthy controls (Floriano et al.
2009
). Both established and novel cardiac
biomarkers demonstrated significant differences in concentrations between patients
with AMI and controls. The saliva-based biomarker panel of CRP, myoglobin, and
myeloperoxidase showed diagnostic capability, which was better than that of ECG
alone. When used in conjunction with ECG, screening capacity for AMI was
enhanced and was comparable to that of a panel of brain natriuretic peptide,
troponin-I, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin. To translating these findings into
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