Lycopene Oxidation, Uptake, and Activity in Human Prostate Cell Cultures - Carotenoids: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Functions and Properties - page 447

Kotake-Nara
et al. (2001) PC-3

DU-145

β-carotene
fucoxanthin
neoxanthin
capxanthin zeaxanthin
lutein cryptoxanthin
5, 10, and 20 μM

72 h
medium
changed
daily

MTT

neoxanthin all cell types
25% inhibition at 5 μM for lycopene for LNCaP, 30% for
DU-145, and 30% PC-3
No inhibition for other carotenoids

Apoptosis by
TUNEL

Apoptosis increased for fucoxanthin and neoxanthin

Tang et al.
(2005)

LNCaP
DU-145
PC-3

95% pure natural
lycopene 6%
oleoresin 10-50 μM

THF 24 h Cell viability by

MTT

No inhibition at 24 h in any cell type
Negligible at 48 h in any cell type
25% inhibition at 72 h in DU-145 and PC-3 at 20 μM
No inhibition in LNCaP until 50 μM

Cell cycle by l ow
cytometry

Increased cells in G 0 /G 1 at 32 μM at 72 h

Apoptosis by l ow
cytometry

Doubling of apoptotic cells at 8 μM
Doubled again at 16 μM, 32 μM increased 20% more

Hantz et al.
(2005)

LNCaP Lycopene (Sigma)

0.3-3.0 μM

THF 20 h 72 h

for DNA
banding

Lycopene uptake 5.5-36.7 pmol/10 6 cells with 3 μ M the highest

Proliferation by
BrdU

No difference at any concentration

Trypan Blue
exclusion and
viable cell counts

No difference in cell number or viability

Cell viability by
MTT

Decreased linearly 61%-83% with increasing lycopene
concentration

Necrosis by LDH No necrosis

Mitochondrial
transmembrane
potential by
DiOC6 and JC-1
l uorescence

Increase membrane dysfunction of 20% and 13% at 1 μ M

and 3 M for DiOC6. Fivefold increase in apoptotic cells

using JC-1 at 3

μ

μ M

Apoptosis by
cytochrome c
release Annexin
V binding DNA
fragmentation by
agarose gel
electrophoresis

Increased with 0.3-3.0 μM
2.7-, 1.6-, and 3.3-fold increase with 0.3-3.0 μM
None even at 72 h

( continued )