Integrated modelling review - Modelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks - page 19

Stack
losses
12.25%

High-grade
heat
17.5%

Exhaust gases

Power
generated
41%

Fuel
input
100%

Shaft power

Low-grade
heat
24%

Engine
cooling

Recoverable
low-grade heat

Radiation
losses
1.5%

Generator
losses
1.23%

Figure 2.3 The Imperial College CHP converts about 82% of its input fuel into

heat and electricity

As it can be seen from the publications, the majority of the literature tends
to centre on the impacts of DERs in electrical network performance. This means
power system engineers have mostly ignored the potential growing reliance on the
state of natural gas distribution systems to fulfil electricity demand. Thus, there is
an important gap to synthesise natural gas and electrical infrastructures at a distri-
bution level, a topic that has until recently drawn more attention at a high-voltage
transmission level [66].

2.1.3 Impacts of PHEV technology on electric networks
There are many fields of research that can be explored regarding the impacts of
PHEV deployment on electrical power systems. These topics range from the com-
plexity of offering ancillary services which consider the profitable aspects of having
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) features [102] up to the basic necessity of integrating multiple
sources of generation to meet the increasing demand PHEVs represent [33]. Never-
theless, so far few publications have explored the effects that an optimal coordination
between PHEV technology and other DERs can achieve in enhancing the operation
of distribution networks [103].
Similar to cogeneration deployment, stakeholders require exploring the trade-
offs PHEV technology brings to the operation of electric utilities. Still, PHEVs when
compared to CHPs are a much more recent technology with many system integration