Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 2.2
Each of the CHP unit at Imperial College with an installed electrical
capacity of 4.5 MW
Due to the latest technological advancements, DNOs are planning to change
operational procedures from a passive to a more active asset management methodol-
ogy [98]; such advanced control strategies include:
●
Area voltage control through on-load tap-changers (OLTCs);
●
Application of voltage regulators;
●
Active power generation curtailment;
●
Reactive power management.
Additional research efforts have focused on making power flow programs that
consider DER impacts; this is because the amount of embedded generation that
can be connected to the grid is commonly established through case-defined load
flow studies - usually with the critical case representing conditions of minimum-
maximum load and maximum DER generation output [99]. For instance, Reference
100 is just an example of a study that models a high degree of DER penetration
on an existing network. Conclusions from this work stress that determining pene-
tration limits critically relies on the headroom afforded by existing voltage-control
systems and practices. Similarly, Reference 101 elaborates an optimal power flow
that has the objective to serve network operators in evaluating the capacity available
in the system; in this particular work CHP units are modelled as negative loads and
then negative load shedding is done to identify available headroom.
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