Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.4
Application portfolio of storage technologies
Technology
Stand alone
Standby
Peak shaving
Power quality
UPS
X
X
Batteries
X
X
Flywheel
X
X
SMES
X
Table 1.5
Grid impacts from DER technologies and energy
initiatives
Technology
2-Way flows
High demand
Ramp rates
Stability
DERs
X
X
X
Storage
X
X
X
PHEVs
X
X
X
DSM
X
X
X
DERs and storage technologies while Table 1.5 summarises their grid impacts in
conjunction with PHEVs and demand side management (DSM) programs [24].
The impacts of technologies mentioned in Table 1.5 summarise the issues utili-
ties need to address as urban energy systems evolve. Though there are a wide range
of technologies likely to have profound network impacts, this text focuses only on the
following:
Combined heat and power units (CHPs);
●
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).
●
Natural gas is seen as the fuel of choice in most of the many countries commit-
ted to the environment, and this fact has caused the increasing deployment of gas
appliances for consumers to meet its space and water heating demand [25]. Simi-
larly, cogeneration units (as CHPs are also known) can run on natural gas and are
able to produce both electricity and heat at very high overall efficiencies; thus, they
couple both infrastructures. Meanwhile, PHEV technology has been gaining much
public attention, because it can reduce both the dependency on petrol and the CO
2
emissions that are produced by combustion engine vehicles [26]. PHEVs are similar
to hybrid electric vehicles, but instead they have a larger battery and plug-in charger
that imports electricity from the grid; hence displacing petrol usage by becoming a
new 'mobile load' to the grid. If operated properly, CHP and PHEV technologies
offer the possibility to enhance the performance of network infrastructures without
many drawbacks. Also, if we include storage capabilities to the analysis, it pro-
vokes a 'paradigm' shift for engineers which may enable a greater flexibility in power
delivery for future distribution systems [27].
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