Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
when and by how much' the embedded technologies should be optimally coordi-
nated. Although the operating behaviours of the different technologies change from
one operating strategy to another, it is clear that PHEV charging should mainly take
place at night time; and if necessary, V2G flows will mostly occur during peak demand.
On the other hand, micro-CHP profiles can vary drastically according to the objective
function in place.
Another result from the simulations shows how the networks value storage tech-
nologies. For nodes far away from the slack, ideally a greater charging will be expected
at moments of low demand, while a greater amount of discharging will be expected
at moments of peak demand. Hence, when power demand is high, power loss reduc-
tion is stimulated by minimising power transfers from the supply point to the nodes
that are furthest away. Inversely, the storage available in the nodes closer to the supply
point is managed a bit less careful than the resources furthest away from the slack;
this is because they create fewer burdens on the network when operated. Lastly, it is
important to mention that in cases 5-7 storage sources are managed more coherently
than in the other cases; it appears these formulations enhance the management of
energy storage systems.
Now, it is important to state that an important condition that enables an enhanced
electric grid is the intrinsic features and robustness of the natural gas infrastruc-
ture. This is because although the natural gas network becomes more stressed from
increased use of cogeneration, if necessary, it can be managed to aid electric network
operation; this circumstance is mainly due to two key factors:
The additional natural gas load does not represent an operating risk, thus enabling
the infrastructure to easily cope with higher load demands;
●
When operating based on spot market prices, the low consistent natural gas
spot market price provides a reliable alternative resource and fully employs the
potential of CHP technologies, consequently improving the performance of the
whole urban energy system.
●
From the perspective of the grid supply point, the results also show the effects the
operating strategies can have on load profiles. The resulting load demand variations
can later be translated into economic signals for planning and operational purposes
by determining the LMCs at each node. The marginal prices vary due to the ability
of distributed energy resources in providing power closer to the consumption points.
Thus, it can be assumed that as DER penetration increases, natural gas marginal prices
will rise, while the reverse effect is likely to be expected for electric marginal prices.
Overall, the techno-economic results from the TCOPF tool yield vital data regard-
ing the optimal coordination between the different players of future energy systems.
From the case scenarios proposed, the most cost-effective and environmentally con-
scious in its output was case 7. However, the formulation criteria is quite flexible and
can be modified to assess particular case scenarios that interest the user; therefore,
it will be up to the stakeholders to decide which performance parameters are worth
enhancing. The TCOPF modelling framework proves the strategic value a tool such
as this can have in assessing the effects DERs bring upon energy service networks.
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