Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Case 6 shows the unique profiles PHEV fleets would have if they are managed
under spot market prices; thus, an intense G2V demand occurs when electricity
is at its lowest value; in a similar fashion when giving power back to the grid,
most of the V2G flows occur when electricity is very expensive, therefore trying
to obtain the maximum revenue for its demand response services;
●
Case 7 illustrates the subtle difference carbon costs can have on PHEV profiles,
leading to the conclusion that the current carbon prices are insufficient to drive
PHEV load control strategies when compared to spot prices of electricity.
●
6.3
Summary of results
In order to deal with issues regarding DER integration on energy service networks,
the TCOPF program has been applied to analyse how different operating strategies
affect network parameters. Table 6.16 provides a brief overview of the whole urban
energy system performance. As the table shows, the energy system performs much
better when optimised to reduce energy and carbon costs (
i.e.
case 7). From a technical
point of view, case 5 is the most attractive; however, case 7 benefits from being
the most economically and environmentally sound, that is if spot prices are used to
incentivise energy systems; otherwise from a fuel cost perspective case 4 also seems
attractive.
Table 6.16
Techno-economic results of the urban energy system
TCOPF case
Fuel cost (£)
Energy cost (£)
Slack (MWh)
Losses (MWh)
1
2658.97
11907.53
363.95
13.51
2
2827.11
12150.83
373.08
14.29
3
2825.22
11935.86
372.99
14.15
4
2791.32
12076.34
371.17
12.33
5
2815.62
11561.28
371.75
10.77
6
2829.56
10926.38
368.85
12.75
7
2827.65
10918.84
368.74
12.64
Simulations demonstrate the efficiency with which the TCOPF program coordi-
nates the DER technologies in order to improve the delivery of energy. In general,
results in the natural gas network illustrate that the presence of micro-CHP can have
mild negative effects on key operating variables, such as power losses and peak load
demand. Nevertheless, by including thermal stores in the analysis, if properly man-
aged, the peak demand can be reduced and the load factor improved. In addition, due
to cogeneration and V2G flows, results are very encouraging in terms of reinforc-
ing the performance of the electrical infrastructure; this fact implies electric utilities
stand to gain the most from incorporating smart management approaches.
Furthermore, special emphasis was given to portray early indications of how
optimal operation of DER devices can be visualised. Many figures describe 'where,
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