Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
murine tumors then smaller particles, improving the MRI contrast, thus the quality
of this imaging method. This may be a viable approach for early MRI detections
of various neoplasias. Detection of cancer has to be as early as possible, in order
to take all necessary therapy measures for cure and prolonged free-cancer survival.
Nanoparticles comprised from alginate and folic acid-conjugated chitosan loaded
with 5-aminolevulinic acid are suitable carriers for 5-aminolevulinic acid in colorec-
tal tumor cells with the possibility of detection through fluorescent endoscopy (Yang
et al.
2011
).
Cellular interactions are important to be understood, and to be predicted in order to
draw comprehensive pathophysiological chains of morbid conditions and to improve
therapy choices. It was demonstrated that protein adsorbed to nanoparticle surfaces
can bind to endothelial cells, regardless of their size, underlying that the capacity
of adsorbtion is a good predictor of intercellular interactions in terms of amount
(Ehrenberg et al.
2009
).
A very promising field is that of organ repair and regeneration.
Heart failure is a wide-spread condition, leading to disabilities and finally to death.
Myocardial infarction, if untreated or not properly treated, leads to heart failure.
Due to bioengineering techniques, it was possible to imagine several possibilities
to correct the structure and functionality of the heart after myocardial infarction.
Biomaterials containing keratin (the hydrogel forms itself when water is added to
lyophilized keratin powder) are characterized by a porous configuration that is able to
penetrate myocardial and endothelial cells, having pro-angiogenesis poperties (Shen
et al.
2011
).
In dentistry, there is the need that material to be friendly to be modeled, durable
in time, without negative interactions with adjacent tissues or systemic side effects.
Silane coupling agents promote durability of the adhesion between resin and ceram-
ics. Current dental treatment protocols recommend as standard measure silanation,
especially in dental restorations and reconstructions (Lung and Matinlinna
2012
).
12.4
Bondons' Observables for Silanes
One can made predictions regarding the values of bonding energy and length required
for a bondon to acquire either the unity of electronic charge or its mass (with the con-
sequence in its velocity fraction from the light velocity) on the ground state, by setting
Eqs. (12.2) and (12.16) to unity, respectively. These predictions are summarized in
Table
12.2
(Putz
2010b
,
2012a
,
b
,
c
,
d
).
From Table
12.2
, one note is that the situation of the bondon having the same
charge as the electron is quite improbable, at least for the common chemical bonds,
since in such a case it will feature almost the light velocity (and almost no mass—
that is, however, continuously decreasing as the bonding energy decreases and the
bonding length increases). This is natural since a longer distance has to be spanned
by lower binding energy yet carrying the same unit charge of electron while it is
transmitted with the same relativistic velocity! Such behavior may be regarded as the
present
zitterbewegung
(trembling in motion) phenomena, here at the bondonic level.
However one records the systematic increasing of bondonic life-time towards being
