Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
$40,000
Base
Base battery replacement
ANL
ANL battery replacement
$35,000
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
CV
HEV0
HEV20
HEV60
Figure 2.15 Conventional and hybrid vehicle cost increment with and without
battery replacement (from Reference 16 where ANL is Argonne
National Laboratory model)
The initial on-cost would be higher based on retail price equivalents. The second
column is based on data in Reference 16 taken by US Argonne National Laboratory
cost methodology.
Differences in battery costs are due to different models used to estimate costs
of advanced battery chemistries such as NiMH and lithium ion. The batteries used
in Figure 2.15 are not yet in mass production nor are their full manufacturing costs
clear. The second difference in cost is due to the battery capacity involved. Data
shown in Figure 2.15 assume a mass production cost for NiMH of $250/kWh.
Furthermore, battery cost (in $/kWh) is estimated as being inversely proportional to
specific energy density (in kWh/kg). The higher the specific energy content, the
less the material consumed and the lower the total battery cost. Today, lithium ion
battery for consumer electronics will cost approximately $0.50/Wh, whereas a large
format lithium ion pack still costs $1.20/Wh when fully packaged. Cell level cost is
approximately 55% of pack cost. A packaged lithium ion module today includes
the cell compliment, interconnects, battery management electronics, thermal man-
agement and CAN communications. Only with more refined cell production and
lower cost of materials, or new materials, will large format lithium ion packs be
capable of realizing manufacturing costs of $340-200/kWh and lower.
2.3 Pre-transmission combined configurations
Power split electronic continuously variable transmission (eCVT) is the archi-
tecture of choice for passenger sedans, light trucks and SUV hybrids because it
offers CVT like performance. CVT like performance in a non-shifting, clutchless
transmission is enabled through the control of two M/Gs. The concept of power
