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of polymer bridging and adhesion forces that were present. Further, this
particular case seems to be the exception among the many AFM studies on
bacteria in which forces were observed that were not consistent with DLVO
theory, because of heterogeneity, roughness, surface polymers, speciic
interactions or elastic responses of the cells. Also, many surfaces of interest
are not going to be hydrophobic, and there will be other types of interactions
present that simply cannot be explained with currently available models.
Therefore, research is needed to develop extensions or modiications of
existing models, or perhaps entirely new models, so that bacterial adhesion
forces measured with AFM can be described more accurately and interpreted
in terms of the governing physical phenomena.
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