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represented by geographic coordinates, the most likely barrier to gene flow suggested by the
algorithm is the one separating Bolivia from the other populations (data not shown).
Table 4. AMOVA results for several groupings of populations using
ST
calculated with
Tamura-Nei (TN) model and
= 0.88, or pairwise number of differences (K) - the later
model is the one used in the SAMOVA test. Distinct groupings, including the ones
suggested by SAMOVA analysis*, were tested.
Structure of populations
Among
groups
Among
populations
Within
populations
F
CT
F
ST
5 populations/1 group:
BA+CA+CO+BT+BM
90.7%
9.3%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.907
90.2%
9.8%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.902
5 populations/2 groups*:
BA x CA+CO+BT+BM
68.8%
24.3%
6.9%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.688
0.931
66.9%
25.7%
7.4%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.669
0.926
5 populations/3 groups*:
BA x CO x CA+BT+BM
81.2%
10.9%
7.9%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.811
0.920
79.4%
12.1%
8.5%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.794
0.915
5 populations/4 groups*:
BA x CO x CA+BT x BM
82.9%
8.5%
8.6%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.829
0.914
81.4%
9.5%
9.1%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.814
0.908
4
populations/1
group:
90.4%
9.96%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.900
BA+CA+CO+BR
89.4%
10.6%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.894
4 populations/2 groups:
BA x CA+CO+BR
68.7%
23.8%
7.5%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.687
0.926
66.9%
25.1%
8%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.669
0.919
4 populations/3 groups:
BA x CO x CA+BR
82.3%
9.1%
8.6%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.823
0.913
80.7%
10.1%
9.2%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.807
0.908
3 populations/1 group:
CA+CO+BR
69.8%
30.2%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.698
69.5%
30.5%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.695
2 Brazilian populations:
BT + BM
65.7%
34.3%
Φ
ST
(TN)
0.657
65.4%
34.6%
Φ
ST
(K)
0.654
Populations: BA (Bolivian Amazon), CA (Colombian Amazon), CO (Colombian Orinoco), BT
(Brazilian Tefé), BM (Brazilian Mamirauá), BR (Brazilian Tefé + Mamirauá).
The MJN (Figure 2) shows that among the Brazilian Amazon haplotypes, BrC and BrF
are basal. The haplotype BrC is closely related to the Colombian Amazon haplotype CA1 and
the other Brazilian haplotypes. The haplotype BrF connects with the remnant haplotypes from
the Colombian Amazon (CA2) and Orinoco (CO1 to CO5). The Brazilian haplotypes fill a
phylogenetic gap between Colombian Orinoco and Bolivian haplotypes, as would be expected
due to the intermediate geographic position between both localities, considering the
connectivity of rivers. The MJN also indicates some heterogeneity in the Colombian Orinoco
population.
Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA control region (Figure 4) shows that the Brazilian
Amazon haplotypes are more related to the Colombian Amazon and Orinoco when compared
to the Bolivian Amazon ones. The Brazilian-Colombian group and the Bolivian group were
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