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In-Depth Information
HO
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
HO
O
O
O
OH
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
S
O
S
O
OH
O
N
OH OH
O
O
N
N
N
O
HO
OH
N
N
N
S
HO
S
N
N
O
O
O
O
OH
N
N
N
H
HO
A
O
O
O
O
OH
N
O
S
O
OH
Au
10
4
O
SO
O
OH
S
B
H
HO
O
9
O
n
3
OH
m
Fig. 4 Tetravalent calix[4]arene and gold nano particles presenting a hydrolytically stable
mimetic of the tumour antigen GM 3 lactone.
agents, anti-cancer vaccines and for selective immunolabeling; this
could represent a starting point for the development of a new class of
anti-tumour therapeutics and diagnostic systems.
Gold glyco-nanoparticles can be considered as a bio-mimetic model of
carbohydrate presentation at the cell surface. This represents a very im-
portant feature because of the carbohydrate key role in cell-adhesion and
cell-recognition events regarding many physiological but also patho-
logical processes, such as infection,
33
inflammation
34
and metastasis
development.
35
Their employment allows to achieve systems that
present some peculiar characteristics: high degree of multiple antigen
presentation, high storage and biological stability against enzymatic
degradation, easy control of ligand number and nanoparticle size.
36
In recent years Penades and co-workers developed a one step versatile
methodology to prepare gold GNPs based on Brust's procedure.
37
In
particular, the in situ reduction of a gold salt in the presence of an excess
of the appropriate thiol-derivatized glycan leads to the GNPs (Fig. 5).
38
The influence of ligand density and presentation on the recognition by
the proper receptors has been evaluated by examining the interaction of
lactose-functionalized GNPs with two different galactose-specific carbo-
hydrate-binding proteins: an enzyme, Escherichia coli b-galactosidase,
and a lectin, Viscum album agglutinin.
39
The results suggest that the
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