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organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic
compounds, triarylamines and
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxyl
(TEMPO), (iii) anomalous valence compounds
and (iv) hypervalent compounds. Quite
recently, novel mediators such as carboranes,
which have the characteristics of boron atoms,
have been developed for highly efficient
cathodic reductive dehalogenation [3].
Triarylimidazole mediators have also recently
been developed for selective anodic oxidation
[4].
Examples of oxidative and reductive mediators
are as follows:
Oxidative Mediators
Ru
4+
/Ru
2+
, Co
3+
/Co
2+
, IO
4
−
/IO
3
−
,
Mn
3+
/Mn
2+
, Ni
3+
/Ni
2+
, Ce
4+
/Ce
3+
,
S
2
O
8
2+
/SO
4
2+
, Cr
6+
/Cr
3+
, Os
8+
/Os
6+
,
halogen (X
+
/X
−
), NO
3
√
/NO
3
−
, CAN,
Ar
3
N
+
/Ar
3
N,
N
-Oxyl derivatives (R
1
R
2
N =
O), sulfides (R
1
SR
2
).
Reductive Mediators
Ni
2+
/Ni(0), Co
2+
/Co
+
, Cr
3+
/Cr
2+
,
Mo
2+
/Mo(0), Ti
3+
/Ti
2+
, Sn
4+
/Sn
2+
,
Sn
2+
/Sn(0), Mg
2+
/Mg(0), Pd
2+
/Pd(0),
naphthalene, anthracene, phenathrene,
pyrene,
fullerene
C
60
,
benzonitrile,
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