Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
respect the individual interests and strengths of
children. He indicated in his research that human
cognitive competence could be described in terms
of abilities, talents or mental skills, which we
call intelligences. Human beings are capable of
developing capacities of an exquisitely high order
in many semi-autonomous intellectual realms. He
thought of those processing capabilities in terms of
environmental information processing devices, for
example, he considered the perception of certain
recurrent patterns, including numerical patterns,
to be the core of logical mathematical intelligence
(Gardner, 1983). His list of intelligences include:
Two forms of personal intelligence one ori-
ented toward the understanding of other persons,
the other toward an understanding of oneself.
6.
Interpersonal Intelligence:
One of the
forms of personal intelligence is oriented
toward the understanding of other persons,
and means the ability to understand other
people: what motivates them, how they
work, how to work cooperatively and ef-
fectively with them. Successful salespeople,
politicians, teachers, clinicians, and religious
leaders are all likely to be individuals with
high degree of interpersonal intelligence.
1.
Linguistic Intelligence:
The ability to use
language to express meaning, tell a story,
react to stories, learn new vocabulary or
languages. Poets exhibit this kind of ability
in its fullest form.
2.
Logical/Mathematical Intelligence:
Individuals that have these two kinds of
intelligence strong are prized in schools and
especially in school examinations.
3.
Spatial Intelligence:
Appreciation of large
spaces and/or local spatial layouts, the ability
to form a mental model of a spatial world
and to be able to carry out that model. For
example, it is the ability to form an image of
large (a block building) and local (a home)
spatial layouts and to find one's way around
a new building.
4.
Musical Intelligence:
Capacity to create
and perceive musical patterns.
5.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence:
The ability
to use the body or parts of the body (hands,
feet, etc.) to solve problems or to fabricate
products, as in playing a ballgame, dancing,
or making objects with hands. Dancers,
athletes, surgeons and crafts people all ex-
hibit highly developed bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence.
7.
Intrapersonal Intelligence:
An understand-
ing of oneself, is the ability turned inward
to form an accurate model of oneself, to
understand things about oneself, how one
is similar to, different from others; remind
oneself to remember to do something; know
how to soothe oneself when sad and to be
able to use that model to operate effectively
in life.
This list has been then enlarged by including
the eighth form of intelligence (Gardner, 1997,
pp. 35-6):
8.
Naturalistic Intelligence:
Apprehension of
the natural world, as epitomized by skilled
hunters or botanists; the ability to recognize
species of plants or animals in one's environ-
ment; for example, to learn the characteristics
of different birds, and other capacities.
Gardner regarded mastering of symbolic
systems as the principal mission of modern edu-
cational systems (Gardner, 1988). He stressed the
need for studying the relation between artistic
and scientific forms of knowledge, because art is
seen in a cognitive view as a matter of mind, and
artistic production involves the use of symbols.
His view of intelligences suggested that the arts
might be helpful in facilitating intellectual poten-
