How Is Food Political? Market, State, and Knowledge - The Oxford Topic of Food, Politics, and Society - page 30

31. See Borras and Franco, this volume; Herring (1983); Larsson (2012); Lipton and Longhurst
(1989).
32. See Charles (2001); Kloppenburg (2004); Kloppenburg and Kleinman (1987); Shiva
(2000).
33. See also Halewood, Norigea, and Louafi (2013); Herring (2007a, 2013); Lipton (2007);
Nuffield Council (2004).
34. The political question that immediately arises from intellectual property in seeds is
whether or not the claims of firms can be made actionable on the ground; patents are
national and underground diffusion of transgenic seeds has been considerable.
35. On distributive questions and ideologies, see Transgenics and the Poor (Herring 2007c);
Pinstrup-Andersen and Schioler (2000); Glover (2010).
36. See Kotwal and Ramaswami, this volume. In India, the Right to Food Act is buttressed by
Article 21 (the fundamental “right to life”) in the Constitution and Article 47 of the Directive
Principles which privileges “raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its
people” as state obligations. The Supreme Court has issued several orders on enforcement of
food entitlements. See Gaiha et al. in this volume on the nature and magnitude of the problem.
37. This section is based on contemporary press reports in the Los Angeles Times, Huffington
Post, Forbes, Bloomberg, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Guardian, and other
English-language media sources.
38. See Keck and Sikkink (1997); Reitan (2007); Tarrow (2005); on the knowledge question,
Scoones in this volume.
39. Assayag (2005); McKibben (2008). See also chapters by Shome, McHughen, and Sato
in this volume. On the ethics of agricultural biotechnology, see Nuffield Council (1999,
2004).
40. The distinction is not without consequence: global regulatory systems differ between
whether a food product itself should be tested for safety or whether safety should depend
on the process whereby the food was produced; see Chassy, this volume; National Research
Council (2004). Trade disputes result from the distinction.
41. The European Commission Directorate-General for Research (2010) concluded from
analysis of research funded by the European Union: “The main conclusion to be drawn
from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25
years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that
biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conven-
tional plant breeding technologies (p. 16).” See also the meta-analysis of A. E. Ricroch,
J. B. Bergé, and M. Kuntz (2011) of forty-four “-omic” studies, as well as the exten-
sive review by Italian scientists of the last decade of the global literature: Nicolia,
Manzo, Veronesi, and Rosellini (2013). A sampling of national academies is provided
by the Genetic Literacy Project: http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2013/08/27/
glp-infographic-international-science-organizations-on-crop-biotechnology-safety/#.
Uo_I4ihOS-J
42. Herring (2009). The claim of suicide seeds has spawned critically acclaimed films and has
been dramatically influential internationally; it has no basis in fact, as the peer-reviewed
literature indicates (Herring and Rao 2012; Herring 2013), as the government of India
repeatedly states. See Kloor (2014) on how the hoax spread. Farmers have voted with their
plows for Bt cotton.
43. Schurman and Kelso (2003); Schurman and Munro (2010, 1-13); on framing, see Benford
and Snow (2000); on diffusion of social movements, Given, Roberts, and Soule (2008).