How Is Food Political? Market, State, and Knowledge - The Oxford Topic of Food, Politics, and Society - page 29

18. See FAO 2006. Purvi Mehta-Bhatt and Pier Paolo Ficarelli explore the political controver-
sies around livestock in their chapter of this volume. Global political forces both support
and attack continued livestock rearing as livelihood.
19. On Malthus and the war against nature, see McHughen, this volume. On the notion of cat-
astrophic visions of the food future, see Watson's essay on climate change and agriculture,
appropriately subtitled “Countering Doomsday Scenarios,” in this volume.
20. Uphoff (2002, 2012). In this volume, see chapters by Harriss and Stewart; Nelson and Coe;
Uphoff. On the science, see Newell-McCloughlin, this volume, and National Research
Council (2010a; 2010b) and The Royal Society (2009).
21. On the potential contributions of biotechnology to sustainability, see National
Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (2010a; 2010b). On the more
general question of environmental effects of transgenic plants, see National Research
Council (2002).
22. Vandana Shiva (e.g., 1997, 2000) is associated with the latter view, the international devel-
opment community with the former (Paarlberg 2009, chap. 6). See also Lipton with
Longhurst (1989); Harriss and Stewart, this volume. On the normative values of move-
ments opposing globalization in agriculture, see Borras, Edelman, and Kay (2008); Reitan
(2007).
23. In Norman Uphoff 's view, expressed in his chapter for this volume, the goal should be
maximizing yields of existing plants rather than investing in genetic improvements of
plants that may never achieve their potential for want of optimal agroecological practices
and conditions. See Nelson and Coe, this volume, on agroecological intensification in
smallholder agriculture.
24. See the chapter by Robert Paarlberg in this volume on the special problems of African
agriculture. His important 2008 topic Starved for Science is subtitled “How Biotechnology
Is Being Kept Out of Africa.”
25. For national regulatory styles, Jasanoff (2007); on the conflict, Roberts (2008, 239-268);
Herring (2008); on the science, National Research Council of the National Academy of
Sciences (2004); on different cultural components of food safety generated by the GMO,
see Kyoko Sato's chapter in this volume.
26. See Fukuda-Parr (2007) for national case studies; also Scoones (2008); Newell (2008);
Herring (2009). On globalization and systems of food production and retailing, see
Reardon and Timmer, this volume.
27. For discussion of theory and empirics, including Lipton's response, see the special issue
of Journal of Development Studies 20:3 (1984) entitled Development and the Rural-Urban
Divide . On Africa, see the influential work of Bates (1981).
28. The transformation itself is interpreted in quite different ways: see Brass (2000) and
Shanin (1972). For an evocative case study emphasizing levers of power and development
discourse, see Omvedt (2005).
29. Herring (1983). Though distribution within households was a powerful determinant of
what accident of birth implied about life chances in agricultural societies, questions of
gender distribution largely fell out of the discourse on land reforms and development gen-
erally, until recently, as Bina Agarwal has documented extensively (1994; and this volume).
On the importance of class divisions, Alavi (1965).
30. For wide-ranging analytics and cases, see Lichbach (1994); Little (1992); Paige (1975);
Popkin (1979); Skocpol (1979; 1982); Yang (2012).