Microfluidic Devices for Angiogenesis - Mechanical and Chemical Signaling in Angiogenesis - page 99

Table 2 Angiogenesis in disease process
Angiogenesis Diseases Notes/references

Excessive/
abnormal
angiogenesis

Cancer/solid tumors hemangiomas [ 125 ]

Retinopathies Proliferative ischemic
retinopathies: proliferative diabetic
retinopathy (PDR), retinopathy of
prematurity (ROP). Age-related
macular degeneration (AMD).
Retinoblastoma

Blindness, excessive pre-retinal blood
vessel growth leading to retinal
detachment [ 126 ]

Atherosclerosis Inflammatory disease [ 127 - 129 ]

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases:
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

[ 130 ]

Psoriasis Chronic Inflammatory disease

of skin and small joints [ 131 ]

Asthma Chronic Inflammatory disease: [ 132 ]

Endometriosis Gynecological disorder, proliferation

of endometrial glands and stroma
outside uterine cavity [ 133 ]

Chronic liver disease: portal
hypertension (PH), fibrosis,
cirrhosis, non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH),
hepatocellular carcinoma

[ 134 ]

Insufficient
angiogenesis

Coronary artery disease [ 135 ]

Ischemic stroke [ 136 ]

Chronic wounds [ 137 ]

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases:
systemic sclerosis or systemic
scleroderma (SSc)

[ 130 ]

2.4 Angiogenesis in Tissue Repair

During tissue repair, for example in wound healing, angiogenesis is necessary for
generating a functional granulated tissue. In healthy individuals, this phase of
wound repair progresses naturally. However, in certain situations, for example in
diabetes, growth factor deficiencies, impaired keratinocyte and fibroblast migra-
tion and proliferation, and accumulation of anti-angiogenic glycation end-products
in their tissues impair the angiogenic response and subsequent tissue repair [ 56 ].
Furthermore, tissue damage is inevitable in diseases characterized by inadequate
vascular perfusion and interventions to correct vascular insufficiency are required.
One approach, therapeutic angiogenesis, has been extensively explored. Thera-
peutic angiogenesis is the delivery of exogenous factors (e.g. small molecules,
genes or cells) or the use of mechanical devices to stimulate neovascularization,
restore form and function to tissues [ 1 ]. Growth factor therapy with recombinant
proteins, gene therapy using non-viral (e.g. plasmid DNA, liposomes, nanoparti-
cles) or viral (e.g. recombinant retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus,