Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
- Restoration: This refers to the process of recov-
ering the formal and aesthetic appearance whilst
respecting the original structures and materials.
- Renovation: The objective of this is to recover
the functionality of the complex without the
respect for its originality being a premise.
- conservation: This is understood as an inter-
vention on the auditorium with a dual purpose
of active conservation with the emphasis on its
surroundings, or passive conservation with the
objective of preventing the natural environment
deteriorating any further.
stepped profiles in the areas of shoulders which
results in the terrible situation of the work in can-
tilevering in the layers. in reality, apart from the
influence of the alteration processes, the stepped
areas comprise the part which is most sensitive to
the geometrical modification of the profile due
to the detaching of the layer edges which increases
the effective opening subsequently increasing the
risk of collapse of the roof.
These situations are always difficult to assess in
terms of safety since, to a large extent, they depend
on the quality of the rock and especially on the
location and condition of the discontinuities many
of which are not visible.
as such, in natural processes it is fundamental
to accept that the situation produced at a specific
time can be that of strict equilibrium at least in a
certain area of the cavity which requires two types
of actions.
- adoption of actions which prevent further dete-
rioration in the rock matrix and in the edges of
the joints.
- adoption of structural reinforcements which
improve the safety margins until reaching
acceptable levels suitable for the use for which
the complex is intended.
From the perspective of this type of problem
various areas were distinguished within the longi-
tudinal development of the Jameos auditorium:
- The entrance area.
- areas with reduced thickness of rock of up to
2-3 meters.
- areas which there is a sudden increase in the rock
thickness up to 8 meters; however without the
cover which constitutes the tube unit (MlU).
- areas where the formation of the tube (MlU)
appears covering the intermediate unit (lTU)
like “onion skin”.
it was decided to adopt reinforcement solutions
which do not modify the natural appearance of the
complex, whilst avoiding other visible structural
solutions which would require great attention to
be paid to adaptation to the environment, always
subjectively.
This triple concept of the intervention process
must be considered as a theoretical framework of
illustrative reference and in keeping with the solu-
tions to be adopted.
4.3
Catalogue of alterations and defects
apart from the structural geotechnical problems
of greater or lesser magnitude evident throughout
the complex, which are not included within the
scope of this section and which represent a clas-
sical mechanical problem inherent in geotechni-
cal engineering, the catalogue of the most serious
alterations which usually arise in the rock materials
at the heart of the renovation, and the treatment
of which must subsequently be considered, are the
following:
- Jointing.
- Fracturing.
- Fragmentation.
- Displacements.
- Powdering.
- alveolar erosion.
- scaling.
- Formation of crusts or concretions on the
surface.
all of the above were addressed taking into
account the importance, scope and typology of
each of them in the solutions adopted.
5
solUTions consiDeReD in los
JaMeos
5.1.1
Solutions type 1-A: Resin injections
and bolts of 16 mm
a fundamental characteristic of this solution is that
it originates from aesthetic reasons. This means
that the treatment must be practically invisible
with no possibility of using distributions panels.
The surface of the rock must remain unchanged
which is why the injection process must be under-
taken with great care.
The aim of using this treatment is to achieve
the compaction of the first meter of material thus
The following sections discuss the solutions
adopted for each problem in view of the approaches
described above.
5.1
Structural solutions: Solutions type 1
These correspond to phenomena related to the hori-
zontal arrangement of the numerous volcanic flows.
it is typical in this type of structural arrange-
ment of volcanic flows to see the formation of
