Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Many compounds such as sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, trigonelline, primidines, macro-
carpals and higher fatty acids, showed the same level of antifouling properties as that of
CuSO
4
, and some compounds such as gramines, cycloviolacin O2, shogaols, alkylphenols,
kaempferols and bufalin, showed the similar high antifouling properties as those of the
organotin antifoulants. The mixtures of these compounds are expected to be much bet-
ter antifoulants than the organotin compounds since some of them showed synergistic
properties.
Keywords
Antifouling
·
Marine environment
·
Natural products
·
Settlement inhibition
·
Terpenes
Abbreviations
AAla Alanine
CCys Cysteine
D Asp Aspartic acid
E Glu Glutamic acid
F Phe Phenylalanine
GGly Glycine
H His Histidine
IIle Isoleucine
KLys Lysine
LLeu Leucine
M Met Methionine
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
NAsn Aspergine
PSA 6-Pentadecylsalicylic acid
QGly Glutamine
R Arg Arginine
SSer Serine
TThr Threonine
TBG 5,6-tribromo-1-methylgramine
TBT Tributyltin compounds
TBTCl Tributyltin chloride
TBTF Tributyltin fluoride
TBTO Tributyltin oxide
TPT Triphenyltin compounds
VVal Valine
W Trp Tryptophan
YTyr
Tyrosine
1
Introduction
The use of organotin antifouling paints for small vessels was banned in many
countries in the late of 1980s because the deformity of oysters was found in
1970s. Since then, especially, in mid 1990s, many articles reported the de-
crease of concentration of organotin antifoulants, on the other hand, the high
