Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 17.5
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Drug Doses for Use in Nonhuman Primates
*
Drug
Species
Bolus Dose
Infusion Dose
Relative Duration
Pancuronium
Multiple
0.04e0.1 mg/kg i.v.
Long
Vecuronium
Multiple
0.04e0.06 mg/kg i.v.
Intermediate
Macaque
0.1 mg/kg/h
Alcuronium
Marmoset
0.1e0.2 mg/kg i.v.
0.04 mg/kg/h
Intermediate
Atracurium
Multiple
0.09e1.5 mg/kg i.v.
Intermediate
Macaque
0.75 mg/kg/h
Rocuronium
y
Macaque
100e500
g/kg
Intermediate
m
i.v., intravenous.
Doses are based on the authors' experience and published data (
Valverde, 2005; de Boer et al., 2006; Popilskis et al., 2008
), and are provided as a general guide
only.
*Agent effect can be counteracted by neostigmine (0.07e0.8 mg/kg) and glycopyrrolate (0.005e0.01 mg/kg) given as necessary until return of function.
y
Agent effect can be rapidly counteracted by sugammadex (2.5 mg/kg).
TABLE 17.6
Anesthetic Breathing Circuits for Use with Nonhuman Primates
Recommended Fresh Gas Flow Rate (l/min)
*
Body
Weight
Estimated Tidal
Volume (ml)
Estimated Minute
Volume (l)
T-piece or Bain's
(Nonrebreathing)
Magill
(Nonrebreathing)
Circle
(Rebreathing)
z
0.5
5e7.5
0.4e0.6
1e1.5
e
e
1
10e15
0.5e1
1.5e2.5
e
e
3
30e45
1e1.5
2.5e3.5
e
e
6
60e90
1.5e3
3.5e7.5
e
0.2
10
100e150
3e6
6e12
3e6
0.3
20
200e300
5e9
e
5e9
0.5
60
600e900
12e24
e
e
1
*Where a face mask is used in place of an endotracheal tube, flow rates should be increased (by up to 30% depending on the size of the mask) in order to prevent
hypercapnia associated with the increased deadspace (see the section “Endotracheal intubation”). High fresh gas flow rates required for larger species may be
prohibitively expensive and limit use for anesthetic agents, but masks may still be used to increase inspired oxygen concentration.
z
It is essential to monitor anesthetic concentrations and oxygen concentration when using circle breathing systems.
Adapted from
Flecknell, 2009b
.
Isoflurane
Isoflurane is probably the most widely used inhalation
anesthetic in nonhuman primates. It is relatively inexpen-
sive compared to other inhalation anesthetics. Its blood/gas
solubility coefficient is lower than that of halothane (its
predecessor), leading to faster induction and recovery
times. Isoflurane is pungent and can cause irritation of the
respiratory tract, which may cause breath holding in
conscious animals and excessive airway secretion. Changes
in anesthetic depth usually occur within a couple minutes of
changing inhaled isoflurane concentration, so care must be
anesthesia. However, MAC values are additive, and so
nitrous oxide is commonly combined with volatile agents
in order to reduce the amount of that agent required to
render the animal non responsive to noxious stimuli. This
“MAC-sparing” effect also occurs when other (injectable)
anesthetic and/or analgesic agents are combined with
volatile anesthetics. It is important to note that a number of
conditions (e.g. increasing age, concurrent disease
processes, anemia, pregnancy, hypercapnia, hypoxia, and
hypothermia) can decrease the MAC of a volatile agent and
lead to a decreased requirement.
