Tissue Engineering - Introduction to Biomedical Engineering - page 357

Graft-vs-Host disease The immunologic response of transplanted cells against the tissue of their new host. This
response is often a severe consequence of allogenic BMT and can lead to death (acute GVHD) or long-term
disability (chronic GVHD).
Hematopoiesis The regulated production of mature blood cells through a scheme of multilineage proliferation and
differentiation.
Hyperplasia Growth process involving complete cell division, both DNA synthesis and cytokinesis
Hypertrophy Growth process involving DNA synthesis but absence of cytokinesis and resulting in cells of higher
ploidy which, secondarily, causes cells to become larger. The late stages of many, if not most, tissue lineages
have cells that undergo hypertrophy in response to regenerative stimuli.
Lineage Refers to cells at all stages of differentiation leading to a particular mature cell type.
Long-term culture-initiating cell Cell that is measured by a 7- to 12-week in vitro assay. LTC-IC are thought to be
very primitive, and the population contains stem cells. However, the population is heterogeneous so not every
LTC-IC is a stem cell.
Mesenchymal cells Cells of connective type tissue, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts (bone), chondrocytes (cartilage),
adipocytes (fat), and so on.
Microenvironment Refers to the environment surrounding a given cell in vivo.
Mitosis The cellular process that leads to cell division.
Mononuclear cell Refers to the cell population obtained after density centrifugation of whole bone marrow. This
population excludes cells without a nucleus (erythrocytes) and polymorphonuclear cells (granulocytes).
Myoablatron The death of all myeloid (red, white, and platelet) cells, as occurs in a patient undergoing high dose
chemotherapy.
Parenchymal cells The essential and distinctive cells of a particular organ (i.e., hepatocytes in the liver or myocytes
in muscle).
Progenitor cells Unipotent cells that derive from stem cells and will differentiate into mature cells.
Self-renewal Generation of a daughter cell with identical characteristics to the parent cells. Most often used to
refer to stem cell division, which results in the formation of new stem cells.
Stem cells Pluripotent cells that are capable of self-replication (and, therefore, unlimited proliferative potential).
Malignant tumor cells are aberrant forms of stem cells.
Stromal cells Mesenchymal cells that partner with epithelial cells. They are age- and tissue-specific. Their roles in
regulating the expansion and/or differentiation of epithelia have long been known. For example, heterogeneous
mixture of support or accessory cells of the BM, also referred to as the adherent layer, is requisite for BM
cultures.
Syngeneic Transplantation of cells or tissues from a donor into a genetically identical recipient.
Xenogeneic Transplantation of cells or tissues from a donor of one species into a recipient of a different species.