Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
HBcAg
Hepatitis B core antigen
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HOBt
1-Hydroxybenzotriazole
HTLV-I
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex
MPLA
Monophospholipid A
o/w
Oil-in-water
OVA
Ovalbumin
OVA-NPs
OVA encapsulating within
g
-PGA-Phe nanoparticles
PCL
Poly(
e
-caprolactone)
pDNA
Plasmid DNA
PEI
Polyethylenimine
PGA
Poly(glycolic acid)
PHB
Poly(hydroxybutyrate)
Phe
L
-Phenylalanine
PIC
Polyion complex
PLA
Poly(lactic acid)
PLGA
Poly(lactide-
co
-glycolide)
SAXS
Small angle X-ray scattering
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
Th
T helper
TLR
Toll-like receptor
Trp
L
-Tryptophan
w/o/w
Water-in-oil-in-water
g
-PGA
Poly(
g
-glutamic acid)
g
-PGA-Phe
g
-PGA-
graft
-Phe copolymer
e
-PL
Poly(
e
-lysine)
e
-PL-CHS
e
-PL-
graft
-cholesterol hydrogen succinate
1
Introduction
Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range
of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of
live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins.
In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can
induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic
T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular
organisms (Fig.
1
)[
1
,
2
]. One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is
the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the
vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant
