Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.1
Thickness of the oxide layers of the β-Ti wires anodized for
10 min [110]
d
(AES)
mλ
=
2ndcos
θ
(Å)
d
(interference)
(Å)
Voltage
(V)
Oxide
color
Electrolyte
n
(TiO
2
) = 2.4
H
2
SO
4
20
Blue 654
m
= 1,
λ
blue
=
4625 (Å)
964
H
2
SO
4
40
Yellow 1221
m
= 1,
λ
yellow
=
5675 (Å)
1182
H
2
SO
4
60
Purple 2380
m
= 2,
λ
purple
=
4100 (Å)
1708
H
3
PO
4
50
Gold
yellow
1631
m
=1,
λ
blue
=
4625 (Å)
1182
m
= 1,
λ
red
=
4625 (Å)
1422
H
3
PO
4
60
Pink 2117
m
= 2,
λ
orange
= 4625 (Å)
2844
m
= 2,
λ
orange
= 4625 (Å)
2531
Sul [81] investigated implants that contain sulphur (S),
phosphorus (P) and, calcium (Ca) anions electrochemically
incorporated into the TiO
2
matrix from sulphuric acid, phosphoric
acid, calcium containing mixed electrolyte system, respectively
(Table 9.2). The implants showed two types of surface morphologies
(Fig. 9.30): a nonporous structure in control implants and a
porous structure in test S, P and, Ca implants. The pore diameter
of test groups was 0.2 μm in S-containing implants, 1.5 μm in
P-containing implants, and 1.3 μm in Ca-containing implants.
The quantitative
in vivo
results of the implant loosening
torque were obtained by Sul [81] through the removal torque test,
relecting the interfacial shear strength. All oxidized implant groups
showed higher mean peak values of removal torque than control
groups. Ca implants revealed the highest torque values of all implant
groups (Fig. 9.31).
