Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials - Biomimetics: Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering - page 163

Prosthetic infection

Material
aspect

External
field aspect

Optimization of magnetic
field parameters
(Field strength, exposure
duration, fie ld cycle etc.)

Developing HA-Ag,
HA-Zno composites
(Optimize Ag/Zno
conte nt)

Study with both gram-
negativ e (E.coli) and gram
positive (S.epidermidis)

Experiments on co ntrol, HA and
HA-Ag to assess whether
complete bactericidal property
can be achieved with magnetic
field exposure with minimal field
strength/du ration

Figure 7.2 Different aspects for preventing prosthetic infection, illustrating
two development approaches: the development of new biomaterial and the
application of external fi eld.

as compared to organic antimicrobial agents [18, 19]. At present, most
reported antibacterial inorganic materials are ZnO, TiO 2 , CuO, MgO,
CaO, Fe 3 O 4 and Ag 2 O, as well as metals like Ag and Cu [20]. However, few
studies have shown quantitative evaluation of the antibacterial activity of
these materials [18, 21].
This chapter starts with characteristics of bacteria, including structure
of cell wall, different types of proteins, growth and adhesion behavior,
interaction with biomaterial surface and factors infl uencing its adhesion.
After the detailed description on bacteria cells, the chapter addresses the
synthetic biomaterials with microbial property, such as glass ceramic,
HA ZnO composites and magnetic biocomposites, etc. After

discussing the material aspect to preventing prosthetic infection, the chap-
ter focuses on the infl uence of external fi eld on bacterial adhesion and
biofi lm formation, where the effect of both electric as well as magnetic
fi elds was reported. The chapter closes with some comments on the work
regarding prosthetic infections.

− Ag/HA −

7.2 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria are a group of unicellular microorganisms of procaryotic cells with
typical diameter size of 1

m [22]. In the procaryotic cells, all the intera-
cellular material like genetic material (DNA) is not bound by membrane
and spreads anywhere in the cytoplasm of cells. No nuclear membrane

− 2 μ