Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 3
Temperatures as functions of time.
T
C
denotes the temperature at the upper wall,
T
H
is
temperature at the lower wall,
T
amb
is ambient temperature and
T
H
−
T
C
is the temperature dif-
ference between the lower and upper horizontal walls.
t
o
and
t
s
indicate respectively the onset of
solidification and the time when the liquid in the system becomes stagnant
Fig. 4
Velocity field in the liquid region of the cell and advancing solidification front for six
snapshots. The
white zone
on the upper part of the images is ice.
a
t
10
5
;
b
t
=
2min,Ra
=
=
3.5
10
4
;
c
t
10
4
;
d
t
10
4
;
e
t
min, Ra
=
6.9
×
=
6min,Ra
=
3.6
×
=
8min,Ra
=
1
.
9
×
=
10.5 min,
Ra
=
9
×
10
3
;
f
t
=
17.1 min, Ra
=
3
.
2
×
10
3
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