Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
An analysis of the accumulated observation data on assessments of the produce
of seas and oceans and an attempt of many authors to uncover the laws of the
produce formation characteristic of various water basins have revealed various laws
in local relationships between productivity and environmental parameters.
An ef
cient method of studying the vertical structure of the ocean ecosystems is
their numerical modeling based on measurements of their characteristics (Kuck
et al. 2000). To derive the model, it is necessary to know the structure of trophic
relationships in the ecosystems, speci
c features of hydrological conditions and
information about other characteristics of the environment. An experience of the
modeling has shown a possibility of an ef
cient prediction of the dynamics of the
World Ocean communities. An example of such models is a 3-D model of the
ecosystem of the Peruvian current (Krapivin 1996), of the Okhotsk Sea (Aota et al.
1993; Mkrtchyan and Krapivin 2011; Kaevitser et al. 2013; Krapivin and Thu
2001) and others. In all these models the unit of parameterization of the vertical
structure of the ecosystem is central.
4.2 World Ocean and Inland Reservoirs
Acuteness of problems arising because of global climate change is mainly
explained by the uncertainty of many environmental problems connected with the
World Ocean and inland seas. As a result, many countries develop scienti
c pro-
grams oriented to the study of global and regional hydrophysical processes both for
understanding environmental processes and for the progress in geopolitical, social-
economic and technical interests (Krapivin et al. 1990, 1991, 1994a, b, 1998c,
2005a, b, 2006a, 2007c). It is clear that the progress in this direction depends on the
complex approach that should be based on new information technologies. An
example of such a program is the Federal Purposeful Program
“
World Ocean
”
of
the Russian Federation.
The Basic Program objective is the solution to the following tasks:
investigation of the World Ocean environment and key processes occurring in it;
fundamental investigations of interaction processes between the ocean and the
atmosphere including processes of global scale (greenhouse effect, energy and
mass exchange, biogeochemical cycles of carbon and oxygen, etc.);
investigation of natural environment and resource potential of continental shelf;
study and monitoring of the World Ocean conditions and hydrometeorological
situation in bordering seas;
study of ecosystem dynamics and sea biological resources to discover new
aquatories for
fishing;
'
investigation of structure and evolution of the earth
s crust on the bottom of
oceans and seas;
prognosis and assessment of the World Ocean mineral resources;
navigation-hydrographic and hydrometeorological maintenance of national tasks;
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