Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 21.1
(continued)
Site
Seaweed taxa
Some effects
References
South America
Nuevo Gulf and San
Antonio Bay,
Patagonia,
Argentina
Ulva, Undaria
Accumulated on
beaches, interferes
with recreational
uses
D´az et al. (
2002
), Piriz
et al. (
2003
),
Teichberg et al.
(
2010
), Martinetto
et al. (
2011
)
Asia
Quingdao, China
Ulva
Loss of species
diversity,
accumulated on
beaches and
nuisance for
recreational
activities
Liu et al. (
2007
,
2009
)
Ulva
Seto Inland Sea,
Japan
Replaced seagrasses
Sugimoto et al. (
2007
)
Australia
Peel-Harvey
Estuary, Western
Australia
Cladophora, Ulva,
Chaetomorpha
Accumulated on
beaches
Lavery et al. (
1991
)
Tuggerah Lakes
Estuary, New
South Wales
Ulva
Replaced seagrasses,
reduced benthic
diversity
Cummins et al. (
2004
)
Africa
Saldanha Bay, South
Africa
Ulva
Competed with other
commercial use
algae
Anderson et al. (
1996
),
Monteiro et al.
(
1997
)
Lapointe et al.
2005a
; Thomsen et al.
2006
). Invasive macroalgae have often become
nuisance species causing major damage to coastal benthic communities, reducing
marine biodiversity, and altering food webs (Schaffelke and Hewitt
2007
, see
Chap.
12
by Andreakis and Schaffelke).
21.3 Coastal Eutrophication
One of the main triggers of macroalgal blooms is increased nutrient loading due to
rapid urbanization and development of the coastal zone (Howarth
2008
). Coastal
eutrophication can be described as the increase in organic matter, including exten-
sive blooms of phytoplankton and ephemeral macroalgae, due to nutrient loading
along the coast (Nixon
1995
; Cloern
2001
). Cloern (
2001
) provides a detailed
review and conceptual model of the rapidly changing problem of coastal eutrophi-
cation. This conceptual model describes both direct and indirect responses to
increased nutrient loading along the coast, including increases in phytoplankton
and macroalgal biomass, and changes in biogeochemistry, water transparency, and
