Hardware Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 15
Second Generation
Miscellaneous Linear/
Nonlinear Applications of Various Types
of Current Conveyors
Abstract Miscellaneous linear and non-linear applications of varieties of CCs
have been elaborated in this chapter. The functional circuits described include
instrumentation amplifier, PID controllers, single ended to differential converters,
precision rectifiers, astable and monostable multivibrators, square/triangular wave
generator and chaos generator, analog multiplier/dividers, squares and square
rooters, mutators and memristive and memcapacitive emulators.
15.1
Introduction
A number of nonlinear applications of normal CCIIs have been described in
the current conveyors employed are newly introduced variants of CCs which have
characterization are shown to offer some flexibility in the design as well as a
number of advantages such as reduced component count, electronic controllability
or multifunction capability. The resulting circuits are usually attractive for bipolar
and/or CMOS implementation in IC technology.
15.2 PID Controllers
The proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controllers are very useful
building blocks of control systems employed in process control industry. PID
controllers contain three terms: proportional, integral and derivative and it is
desirable that each of them are controllable separately for manual or adaptive
tuning. PID controllers are normally realized with voltage mode op-amps and RC
components and typically require up to four op-amps.
However, if CCs are employed, the number of active and passive components
can be reduced to a bare minimum, particularly if the dual output version of CCIIs
is employed. Furthermore, using CCs, PID controllers can be realized for both
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