Design and Development of Theranostic Nanomedicines - Nanotechnology for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics - page 433

table 15.1 representative liposomal hybrid nanoparticles for simultaneous
imaging and therapy of cancer a
structural nanocomponent Functional nanocomponent

Type (incorporated therapeutic payload
and other function)

Type (diagnostic and other function)

phospholipid liposome (no payload and
membrane fusion)

gold nanoparticle (optical imaging)

phospholipid liposome (calcein (model drug)) gold nanoparticle (photothermal

heating-triggered drug release)

phospholipid liposome (6-carboxyfluorescein
(model drug))

gold nanoparticle (photothermal
heating-triggered drug release)

phospholipid liposome (xylenol orange
sodium salt (model drug))

Magnetic nanocrystal (Mri)

phospholipid liposome
(5,6-carboxyfluorescein (model drug))

Magnetic nanocrystal (electromagnetic
heating-triggered drug release)

phospholipid liposome (doxorubicin or
cysteine protease inhibitor JpM-565)

Magnetic nanocrystal (Mri and
magnetic targeting)

a Based on ref. [103].

Though liposomes offer high level of manufacturing feasibility, adding multiple
entities will certainly increase production complexity and the process modification
to improve imaging agent and/or drug loading are needed. radio-ligand-decorated
liposomes as theranostic platform were extensively studied for peT or speCT
image-guided drug delivery, reviewed recently by petersen et al . [83]. liposomes
are also an excellent platform for the development of hybrid nanosystems, which
combine multiple imaging agents, carry high drug payload, and have one or more
targeting moieties. liposomes were shown to successfully carry nanocrystals, inor-
ganic nanoparticles, and large macromolecules on their surface. Because of the
presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compartments, multiple chemical
entities can be accommodated. Table 15.1 (based on ref. [103]) summarizes several
liposomal hybrid formulations.
Theranostic liposomes are at early stages of development, though they have prom-
ising potential for clinical translation due to their high versatility in respect of
carrying diverse chemical entities and established preparation protocols. limited
information exists on their efficacy in vivo . Mls have been evaluated for antitumor
effects in vivo . in one study, Yoshida et al . demonstrated that docetaxel-loaded Mls
inhibited tumor growth in a mouse model by combination of magnetic field-induced
hyperthermia and cytotoxic action of the drug [104]. in addition, they demonstrated
that the same particles provide tumor-specific Mr contrast in vivo . Mri-guided drug
delivery was reported in a B16 melanoma mouse model using long-circulating
liposomes coloaded with the glucocorticoid prednisolone phosphate (plp) and the
amphiphilic paramagnetic contrast agent gd-DoTaMa(C(18)). in this example, the
drug plp was encapsulated into liposome hydrophilic core, while the imaging agent
was introduced into the lipid bilayer. Biodistribution of the theranostic in vivo was
demonstrated using Mri. it was also shown that the drug and imaging agent carried