Historical Perspective on Nanoparticles in Imaging from 1895 to 2000 - Nanotechnology for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics - page 19

and analytical chemistry along with progress in molecular and cell biology, genome
decoding, and the unraveling of the molecular pathways with the discovery of many
disease-specific biomarkers gave rise to a new generation of high affinity contrast
agents. These targeted agents increasingly in a form of nanoparticles opened up a
new and exciting field of molecular imaging . This concept defined by r. Weisleder
in 2001 as “ in vivo characterization and measurement of biologic processes at the
cellular and molecular level” [80] in contrast to the classic imaging techniques relying
on changes in gross anatomy became the guide for the development of many modern
imaging modalities. Many of the new advances are further discussed in this topic.
references
[1] robarts H, editor. X-Ray in Medical Colleges . volume 5 , St. louis, MO: american
X-ray Publishing company; 1899. p 679-686.
[2] Brown P. american martyrs to radiology. Heber robarts (1852-1922). 1936. am J
roentgenol 1995; 165 :473-476.
[3] cannon WB. The passage of different food-stuffs from the stomach and through the
small intestine. am J Physiol 1904; 12 :387-418.
[4] cannon WB. The Mechanical Factors of Digestion . New York: longmans, green & co.;
1911.
[5] Sheppard c, goodell J, Hahn P. colloidal gold containing the radioactive isotope au-198
in the selective internal radiation therapy of diseases of the lymphoid system. J lab clin
Med 1947; 32 :1437-1441.
[6] Dykman la, Khlebtsov Ng. gold nanoparticles in biology and medicine: recent
advances and prospects. acta Naturae 2011; 3 :34-55.
[7] levy PW, greuling e. The radiations from 2.7-day au 198 . Phys rev 1949; 75 :819.
[8] Wheeler HB, Jaques We, Botsford TW. experiences with the use of radioactive colloidal
gold in the treatment of cancer. ann Surg 1955; 141 :208.
[9] Mellgren JaN, Knutsson f, Norin T. localization and effect of injected radioactive gold
(au198) in the treatment of malignant tumors. acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1954; 34 :
393-409.
[10] Wagner HN. current research in nuclear medicine. am J roentgenol 1970; 109 :
668-675.
[11] Strajman e. Small mica window geiger-Müller counter for measurements of radioactive
isotopes in vivo . rev Sci Instrum 1946; 17 :232-234.
[12] Mallard Jr, Peachey cJ. a quantitative automatic body scanner for the localisation of
radioisotopes in vivo . Br J radiol 1959; 32 :652-657.
[13] Brownell gl, Sweet WH. localization of brain tumors with positron emitters. Nucleonics
1953; 11 :40-45.
[14] Wrenn fr, good Ml, Handler P. The use of positron-emitting radioisotopes for the
localization of brain tumors. Science 1951; 113 :525-527.
[15] Nutt r. The history of positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2002; 4 :11-26.
[16] Brownell gl. a history of positron imaging. Physics research laboratory; October 15,
1999; Massachusetts general Hospital, MIT; 1999.