Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Colon Cancer
Mordechai et al. used spectroscopy to study adenocarcinoma and normal
colonic tissues by employing microscopic infrared study (FTIR microscopy)
of thin tissue specimens and a direct comparison with normal histopatho-
logical analysis, which served as a gold reference. Several unique differences
between normal and cancerous intestinal specimens were observed. The
cancerous intestine showed weaker absorption strength over a wide region.
They also effectively compared the results from microscopic IR absorption
spectra from intestinal tissues (normal and cancerous) with other biological
tissue samples [102].
Oesophageal Cancer
Shetty et al. demonstrated the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the iden-
tification and classification of the malignant changes in oesophageal carcino-
mas. Their study was aimed at understanding the biochemical changes that
distinguish between the different stages of disease through Raman mapping
studies. This technique was used to analyse 20-µm sections of tissue from
29 snap-frozen oesophageal biopsies. Contiguous haematoxylin and eosin sec-
tions were reviewed by a consultant pathologist. Changes were noted in the
distribution of DNA, glycogen, lipids, and proteins. The main spectra obtained
from selected regions demonstrated increased levels of glycogen in the squa-
mous area compared with increased DNA levels in the abnormal region. It was
concluded that Raman spectroscopy is a highly sensitive and specific technique
for demonstration of biochemical changes in carcinogenesis, and there is a
potential for in vivo application for real-time endoscopic optical diagnosis [103].
Diagnostic research was carried out by Li et al. that aimed at classifying
endoscopic gastric biopsies into healthy, gastritis, and malignancy through
the use of FTIR spectroscopy. A total of 103 endoscopic samples, including
19 cases of cancer, 35 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis, 29 cases of chronic
superficial gastritis, and 20 healthy samples, were investigated by ATR-FTIR
Significant differences were observed in FTIR spectra of these four types of
gastric biopsies. It was demonstrated that the sensitivity of the method for
healthy, superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer was 90%,
90%, 66%, and 74%, respectively. It was concluded that FTIR spectroscopy
can distinguish disease processes in gastric endoscopic biopsies [104].
Maziak et al. investigated the usefulness of FTIR spectroscopy in the
diagnosis of oesophageal cancer [111]. Tissue samples from the diseased
and normal sites of 10 patients with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
were analysed and compared using FTIR spectroscopy and histopathology.
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