Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
1rst generation(nifedipine)
2nd generation
(isradipine,
nicardipine,
felodipine)
Dihydropyridines
3rd generation (amlodipine)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Phenyalkylamines
Non-Dihydropyridines
non-selective
Benzothiazepines
Fig. 1 Classification of calcium channel blockers
Furthermore, there are other classes of drugs that have overlapping effects as
calcium ion channel blockers: angiotensin inhibitors,
-blockers, and nitrates.
b
2.2.1 Dihydropyridines Calcium Ion Channel Blockers (Partial Agonists,
Antagonists, Dual-Acting Agents)
This class is easily identified by the suffix “-dipine.” First generation calcium
channel blockers (nifidepine), all block
L
-type calcium channels and all are com-
petitive antagonists, whereas second and third generation analogs are either slow-
release or long-acting formulations (amlodipine or felodipine) [
34
] (Fig.
2
).
A number of molecules and their trade names (in alphabetical order), belonging
to this class are given below:
Amlodipine (Norvasc), Aranidipine (Sapresta), Azelnidipine (Calblock),
Barnidipine (HypoCa), Benidipine (Coniel), Cilnidipine (Atelec, Cinalong,
Siscard), Clevidipine (Cleviprex), Efonidipine (Landel), Felodipine (Plendil),
Lacidipine (Motens, Lacipil), Lercanidipine (Zanidip), Manidipine (Calslot,
Madipine), Nicardipine (Cardene, Carden SR), Nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat),
