The Exergy Replacement Costs of Mineral Wealth - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 365

Mining and
concentration
1%

Smelting and refining
6%

Coal
19%

Dispersion of
Non-fuel minerals
(bonus)
33%

Oil
26%

Natural gas
18%

Fig. 12.4 Distribution of the exergy costs associated with the 2008 world production of the main
mineral commodities

12,000

Mtoe

10,898 Mtoe

Mineral smelting
and refining
974 Mtoe

Mineral mining
and conc.
138 Mtoe

10,000

Coal

8,000

6,000

Natural gas

5,308 Mtoe

Potash

3,810 Mtoe

4,000

Iron

Potash

Iron Oil

2,000

Aluminium

Aluminium

0

Exergy bonus Exergy bonus with recycling Fossil fuels

Fig. 12.5 The decrease of the world mineral capital endowment due to raw material production

in 2008