Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.3 Total exergy replacement costs of 2008 world production. Values are
expressed in Mtoe if not otherwise specified
Substance
2008 Pro-
duction, t
Bonus
Mining &
conc.
Smelting
& refining
Aluminium (Bauxite)
2.05E+08
3.06E+03
5.15E+01
1.16E+02
Antimony
1.97E+05
2.23E+00
6.57E-03
5.63E-02
Arsenic
5.27E+04
5.02E-01
1.13E-02
2.38E-02
Beryllium
1.38E+02
8.30E-04
2.37E-05
1.48E-03
Bismuth
7.70E+03
8.97E-02
6.60E-04
9.68E-03
Cadmium
1.96E+04
2.75E+00
1.23E-01
1.30E-01
Chromium
6.98E+06
7.54E-01
1.40E-02
6.03E+00
Cobalt
7.59E+04
1.96E+01
1.66E-02
2.33E-01
Copper
1.54E+07
4.05E+01
1.06E+01
7.86E+00
Fluorspar
6.04E+06
2.63E+01
2.09E-01
-
Gold
2.26E+03
3.14E+01
5.80E+00
-
Gypsum
1.59E+08
5.83E+01
7.65E-01
-
Iron ore
2.22E+09
9.38E+02
3.70E+01
7.10E+02
Lead
3.84E+06
3.35E+00
8.16E-02
3.00E-01
Limestone
1.23E+08
7.66E+00
1.06E+00
1.69E+01
Lithium
3.82E+05
4.96E+00
1.14E-01
3.82E+00
Manganese
1.33E+07
4.95E+00
5.13E-02
1.82E+01
Mercury
1.48E+03
9.97E-01
5.53E-03
8.88E-03
Molybdenum
1.84E+05
3.98E+00
5.96E-01
5.26E-02
Nickel - laterites
1.19E+06
4.76E+00
4.89E-02
1.17E+01
Nickel - sulfides
1.00E+06
1.82E+01
3.71E-01
2.39E+00
Phosphate rock
1.61E+08
1.35E+00
1.10E+00
1.77E+01
Potash
3.48E+07
1.01E+03
2.54E+00
-
REE
1.34E+05
1.11E+00
3.25E-02
1.19E+00
Rhenium
5.65E+01
1.38E-01
2.10E-04
2.02E-05
Silicon
2.83E+06
4.92E-02
4.85E-02
5.12E+00
Silver
2.13E+04
3.74E+00
6.50E-01
1.44E-01
Sodium
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Tantalum
1.17E+03
1.35E+01
8.59E-02
2.27E-04
Tin
2.99E+05
3.04E+00
1.08E-01
8.09E-02
Ti-rutile
6.21E+05
1.30E-01
2.04E-01
3.61E+00
Ti-ilmenite
6.79E+06
7.29E-01
1.17E+00
2.07E+01
Uranium
6.09E+04
1.31E+00
2.74E-01
0.00E+00
Vanadium
5.61E+04
1.41E+00
1.82E-01
5.09E-01
Wolfram
5.59E+04
9.89E+00
2.83E-01
1.92E-01
Zinc
1.16E+07
6.85E+00
4.13E-01
1.12E+01
Zirconium
1.28E+06
1.99E+01
2.25E+01
1.93E+01
TOTAL
2.98E+09
5,309.08
137.90
973.68
As explained above, only the part which does not remain in stock or recycled be-
comes “lost” in reality (Eq. (4.2)). The problem with stock is that to the authors'
knowledge no entity (private or public) is currently responsible for the assessment
of materials in public circulation. At this stage only recycling data is employed in
the analysis. The USGS reports recycling ratios for some important minerals in the
US (USGS, 2010) (see Table 12.4).
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