Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
the pathogen and the related allelism tests, and
discuss GAB approaches for anthracnose resis-
tance. Furthermore, the authors propose a new
system of naming anthracnose resistance gene(s)
based on the location on the genetic map. Efforts
toward marker-assisted introgression in common
bean have led to the release of variety 'USPT-
ANT-1' with gene
Co-4
2
conferring resistance
to anthracnose in the United States (Miklas et al.
2003). Recently, line A3308 carrying genes
Co
-
2
and
Co
-
3/9
for anthracnose and bean common
mosaic (BCM) resistance by genotype
I
ter 11, Millan, Madrid, Imtiaz, Kharrat, and Chen
extensively review disease resistance aspects in
chickpea. Furthermore, as genome sequencing
of 90 chickpea lines is now available, molec-
ular breeding efforts can now be accelerated
to develop tolerant lines for disease resistance
(Varshney et al. 2013b).
Improving Disease Resistance
in Vegetables
bc
-
3
has also been developed (Ferreira et al. 2012).
Cowpea is an important leguminous crop in
the tropical and subtropical areas, especially in
Latin America, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa
(Singh et al. 1997). Recent advances in the
development of genomic tools in cowpea have
enabled the identification of molecular mark-
ers for resistance to critical biotic stresses. This
notwithstanding, application of modern breeding
approaches is still in its infancy. In Chapter 10,
Huynh, Ehlers, Close, Cisse, Drabo, Boukar,
Lucas, Wanamaker, Pottorf, and Roberts review
initial MABC work for various disease resistance
and genomic resources available for carrying out
GAB in cowpea. The transgenic approach has
also been discussed as an option to increase resis-
tance to pod borer and cowpea weevil, as the
level of resistance to these pests in the available
germplasm is negligible.
Chickpea is another important leguminous
crop, mainly grown in Asia and the Mediter-
ranean regions of the world, which is highly
nutritious and rich in protein, carbohydrates,
and vitamins (Abu-Salem and Abou-Arab 2011).
India is the largest producer of chickpea in the
world, accounting for more than 65% of global
production (FAO 2011). Among important biotic
stresses,
Fusarium
wilt and
Ascochyta
blight can
cause yield losses of more than 90% (Singh and
Reddy 1991, 1996). Efforts to develop genomic
resources have led to the identification of molec-
ular markers for agronomic as well as biotic
stress, paving the way for GAB activities in
this crop (Varshney et al. 2013a). In Chap-
+
Potato is one of the major staple and vegetable
crops, covering more than 100 countries, with
an annual production of more than 300 million
tons (FAO 2011).
Phytophthora infestans
, which
causes late blight, is the main, devastating dis-
ease in potato, with an annual yield loss of more
than $3 billion (Duncan 1999). Chapter 12 by
Sliwka and Zimnoch-Guzowska discusses recent
advances in discovering, identifying, mapping,
and cloning the resistance genes in potato. This
information could be quite useful for the deploy-
ment of race-specific resistance in improved lines
for target environments.
Tomato is another major vegetable crop for
which late blight is a major devastating disease
causing vast yield loss. In Chapter 13, Now-
icki, Kozik, and Foolad make a special emphasis
on late blight resistance in tomato. The chapter
provides comprehensive insight into the disease,
its chemical control, and GAB aspects. Further-
more, the recently sequenced tomato genome
(Tomato Genome Consortium 2012) and
Phy-
tophthora
genome (Haas et al. 2009) provide
much-needed understanding of
R-Avr
interac-
tion for late blight. Molecular breeding activ-
ities have been quite successful in imparting
resilience against late blight, and several varieties
such as NC1 CELBR, NC2 CELBR, Mountain
Magic, and Mountain Merit have been devel-
oped by stacking two genes (
Ph-2
Ph-3
) and
released in the United States (Gardner and Pan-
thee 2010; Panthee and Gardner 2010).
Lettuce, one of the most commercially impor-
tant leafy vegetables, has an annual produc-
tion of more than 23 million tons (FAO 2011).
+
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