Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
2009). As a result, molecular markers are now
available for fast introgression. In a recent study,
improved DH-lines have been developed for
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus through markers
(Riedel et al. 2011). Chapter 5 by Ordon and Per-
ovic covers recent advances toward development
of genomic tools for transferring virus resistance
into elite cultivars via GAB. The authors also
highlight the importance and use of allele mining
and utilization of high-throughput SNP technolo-
gies for carrying out precision breeding activities
in barley.
In sorghum,
Striga
is the most damaging obli-
gate parasite pest that leads to yield loss of up
to 90% (Ejeta 2007). It is particularly severe in
East Africa and some regions in the United States
and Asia. Although much progress has been
made toward QTL analysis and Marker-assisted
selection (MAS) for improving resistance to
Striga
, the molecular mechanisms behind the
establishment of parasitism are still not well
understood. In Chapter 6, Deshpande, Mohamed,
and Hash describe several aspects for elucidat-
ing the molecular mechanisms of
Striga
resis-
tance through development of bioassays, explor-
ing the pathway, and identifying the stages as
entry points for breeding resistance to
Striga
,as
well as GAB approaches to developing sorghum
lines with enhanced resistance to
Striga.
The
authors also discuss the utility of next-generation
sequencing (NGS) technologies for identifying
the functional basis of
Striga
resistance.
provides a comprehensive review of nematode
resistance in soybean. This work highlights the
different nematode problems, their biology and
candidate genes for host plant response. Notably,
the continuous effort toward the identification
of genetic markers closely linked to soybean
cyst nematode has led to the development and
release of three varieties, namely JTN-5503,
JTN-5303, and JTN-5109 in the United States,
which are essentially gene pyramids of
Rhg1,
Rhg4
, and
Rhg5
(Arelli et al. 2006, 2007; Arelli
and Young 2009).
Grown in more than 100 countries, peanut is
one of the most widespread legume crops in the
world (Nwokolo 1996). Chapter 8 by Burow,
Leal-Bertioli, Simpson, Ozias-Akins, Chu,
Denwar, Chagoya, Starr, Moretzsohn, Pandey,
Varshney, Holbrook, and Bertioli describes
molecular mapping and MAS for several dis-
eases and pest challenges faced by peanut. As to
improving the resistance to root knot nematode,
a serious problem in the United States caused by
Meloidogyne
species, the effectiveness of MAS
has been demonstrated through the development
and release of a nematode-resistant variety
'NemaTAM' in the United States (Simpson
et al. 2003). With the availability of more than
6,000 SSR markers, extensive studies have also
led to the identification of QTLs with high phe-
notypic variance for resistance to late leaf spot
and rust (Sujay et al. 2012) and tomato spotted
wilt virus (Qin et al. 2012). In addition, this
chapter presents the prospects and progress of
the International Peanut Genome Project toward
sequencing the peanut genome, which should
help in the identification of candidate genes for
stress tolerance and to accelerate GAB in peanut
meproject.html).
In common bean, the fungal pathogen
Col-
letotrichum lindemuthianum
(Sacc. & Mag-
nus) causes a devastating disease known as
anthracnose. Several resistance genes against
race-specific isolates for anthracnose have been
reported in the past. Ferreira, Campa, and Kelly
in Chapter 9 report on the inheritance pattern of
Improving Disease Resistance
in Legumes
Among different legumes, soybean, known for
its edible oil and protein content, is an impor-
tant industry crop. North America and South
America are the major production areas, account-
ing for nearly 86% of total soybean produc-
tion worldwide (
http://www.soystats.com). Cy
st,
root-knot, and reniform nematode are the major
pests of soybean, with annual losses of more
than $1 billion (Koenning and Wrather 2010).
Chapter 7 by Vuong, Jiao, Shannon, and Nguyen
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