Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4 Annual average PM
10
values from EMEP for the year 2005 and ETC/ACC [
14
], change
in PM
10
levels due to emission reductions (
source
: EMEP, ETC/ACC [
4
])
EMEP (regional
background level) (
Change in PM
10
regional
background levels (%)
ETC/ACC (urban
concentration) (
g/m
3
)
g/m
3
)
m
m
Athens
9
7
33-37
Berlin
9-10
7-8
22-23
Koˇice
11
3
31
Krak´w
13
9
49-50
S-Poland
10-17
2-10
27-48
Lisbon
12-13
11
29-35
London
9-11
8
24-27
Milan
20
13
45-46
N-Italy
6-20
1-13
26-47
Paris
11-15
10-11
26-29
Sofia
7-8
5-7
33-59
Stuttgart
11-12
8-9
19-21
Comparably high wind speeds have been measured for Berlin, London and Paris,
whereas rather low values have been recorded in Krak´w, Milan, Sofia and
Stuttgart, indicating adverse dispersion conditions for air pollutants.
5.3.3 National vs. Transboundary Contribution
For this analysis, model calculations provided by EMEP were used. As a rough
indicator for transboundary air pollution, Table
4
shows the impact on the concen-
tration within each area (average regional background concentrations calculated on
a50km
50 km grid) when reducing emissions of PM and precursors by 15% in
the respective Member State. Thus a high impact corresponds to a high national
contribution (and thus to a low transboundary contribution).
A large national contribution as indicated by a relatively large change in regional
PM
10
levels due to a national reduction of emissions can be identified for Milan,
Paris, Lisbon and Stuttgart, whereas large transboundary contributions have been
calculated for Koˇice.
11
5.3.4 Natural Sources
A contribution to PM
10
levels from natural sources in the selected critical areas
is claimed for Athens and Lisbon in the questionnaire submitted according to
Decision 2004/461/EC. For Athens, 22 up to 56 (out of up to 178) exceedance
11
The range of values in different areas also reflects the size of the regions. Whereas the area of
Koˇice is covered by two EMEP grid cells, northern Italy comprises about 50 grid cells.
